Kunyumba › Zotulutsa Atolankhani › Zatsopano Zatsopano 2021 Jeep® Grand Cherokee Iphwanya Malo Atsopano mu Gawo Lalikulu Kwambiri la SUV
SUV yoperekedwa kwambiri imapereka magwiridwe antchito odziwika bwino a 4 × 4, kuwongolera misewu yamtengo wapatali ndi ukatswiri, kukongola kwapamwamba komanso kutonthoza, zida zaukadaulo zotetezeka komanso zapamwamba kwambiri m'kalasi mwake - tsopano ili m'mizere itatu kwa nthawi yoyamba.
Pafupifupi zaka 30 zapitazo, Jeep® Grand Cherokee inayamba saga yake ngati SUV yopatsidwa mphoto kwambiri m'mbiri. kukula kwa SUV gawo ndi 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee L yatsopano.
Zopangidwa ndikupangidwa kuti zipereke mawonekedwe opambana a 4 × 4, kuwongolera kwapadera kwapamsewu, masitayelo apamwamba ndi ukatswiri mkati ndi kunja, komanso chitetezo chambiri komanso zida zaukadaulo, mtundu waposachedwa ndi wopangidwa ndikupangidwa. ndi Jeep Grand Cherokee L ya 2021 yatsopano, yomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba imakhala ndi mipando isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi iwiri.
Christian Meunier, CEO wa Jeep Brand, anati: "Mukayamba kuganiziranso za SUV yokondedwa ngati ya Jeep Grand Cherokee, kumanga pazaka pafupifupi 30 zaubwino ndikofunikira pachisankho chilichonse chomwe mungapange. "Ndi cholowa chotsogolera gulu la Jeep, Jeep Grand Cherokee yatsopano ya 2021 idapangidwa kuti izipitilira zomwe amayembekeza ndikuchita zomwe palibe ma SUV ena angachite: kupereka luso lodziwika bwino la Jeep 4 × 4 komanso machitidwe apamwamba apamsewu. Imamanga Pamwamba pa zomanga zatsopano zokhala ndi mawonekedwe atsopano odabwitsa omwe amalemekeza cholowa chake chodziwika bwino cha Jeep, pomwe ikukulanso kuti ikhale ndi mzere wachitatu kuti ikwaniritse kufunikira kwathu kwa malo ochulukirapo ndi magwiridwe antchito kuchokera kwa makasitomala a Jeep Demand. Grand Cherokee L ndiyodziwika bwino kwambiri m'gawo lake ndipo ikupitilizabe kukweza ntchito, magwiridwe antchito komanso moyo wapamwamba, pomwe ikuyambitsanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso magwiridwe antchito. ”
Mkati ndi kunja kwa Jeep Grand Cherokee L ya 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee L amapangidwa kuti azipereka machitidwe osayerekezeka ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendedwe kake. ), Quadra-Lift air suspension and Selec-Terrain traction management system imalowetsa Grand Cherokee L ndi luso lodziwika bwino la mtundu wa Jeep la 4 × 4. Kuphatikizika kwa kamangidwe katsopano komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a thupi amawongolera magwiridwe antchito, chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwagalimoto, pamene amachepetsa kwambiri kulemera kwa galimoto, phokoso, kugwedezeka ndi nkhanza.Zopangidwa kuti ziwonjezere chitetezo chonse cha okwera, chitonthozo ndi chosavuta, Grand Cherokee L imanyamula nkhonya yokhala ndi mibadwo yotsatira ndi matekinoloje omwe amawayika pambali pa gawo la SUV lalikulu.
Jeep Grand Cherokee L ya 2021, yomangidwa kumalo atsopano ochitiramo misonkhano ku Detroit, Mack Factory, ifika m'malo ogulitsa a Jeep mgawo lachiwiri la 2021 ndipo ipezeka m'makonzedwe anayi osiyanasiyana - Laredo, Limited, Overland ndi summit. Jeep Grand Cherokee Two-Row yatsopano komanso mtundu wake wamagetsi wa 4xe uyenera kuyamba pambuyo pake mu 2021 ku Mack Assembly Plant.
Jeep Grand Cherokee L ya 2021 imapereka kuwongolera kosayerekezeka komanso kulimba koyendetsa pamsewu. Kuthekera kodziwika bwino kwapamsewu kumayamba ndi makina atatu a 4 × 4 - Quadra-Trac I, Quadra-Trac II ndi Quadra-Drive II yokhala ndi Electronic Limited Slip Differential yakumbuyo. (eLSD).Makina onse atatu ali ndi chotengera chosinthira chomwe chimawongolera kukokera mwakusintha torque kuti igwire ntchito ndi gudumu logwira kwambiri.
Quadra-Trac I ndi kachipangizo kamene kamayendetsa liwiro limodzi lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito zolowera kuchokera ku masensa angapo mgalimoto kuti isinthe mwachangu kagawidwe ka torque ndikupitilizabe kukonza ngati tayala likutsika. torque yomwe ilipo imasamutsidwa nthawi yomweyo ku chitsulo cholumikizira kwambiri.
Quadra-Trac II's two-speed active transfer kesi yochepetsa magiya otsika imagwiritsa ntchito zolowera kuchokera ku masensa angapo mgalimoto kuti isinthe mwachangu kagawidwe ka torque ndikupitilizabe kukonza ngati tayala likutsika. 100% ya torque yomwe ilipo imasamutsidwa nthawi yomweyo ku axle yomwe imakhala yothamanga kwambiri.Active 4-Low Torque Control ndi 2.72: chiwerengero cha 1 chimawonjezera kuyendayenda kwapamsewu ndikupereka ntchito zosagwirizana.
Quadra-Drive II ili ndi chotengera chosinthira ma liwiro awiri ndi eLSD yakumbuyo yotsogola makampani. zosinthiratu kuti zichepetse kapena kuchotseratu kutsetsereka kwa matayala.Quadra-Drive II ikupezeka pamitundu ya Overland 4×4 ikayikidwa monga muyezo pamitundu ya Off-Road ndi Summit.
Quadra-Lift Kuyimitsidwa kwa mpweya kwa Jeep Quadra-Lift, yomwe tsopano ili ndi magetsi osinthika, imapereka chilolezo chotsogolera kalasi ndi madzi oyendetsa madzi.
Dongosolo la 2021 la Jeep Grand Cherokee L's Quadra-Lift limagwira ntchito zokha kapena pamanja kudzera pa zowongolera za console ndipo limakhala ndi masinthidwe amtali asanu kuti ayende bwino:
Quadra-Lift imawonjezera mpaka mainchesi 4.17 (106 mm) yokwera mothandizidwa ndi ma air spring quad kuti muyende mopanda mpweya komanso mokwera kwambiri. Grand Cherokee L ili ndi chiyerekezo cha 44:1.
Ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa mpweya wa Quadra-Lift, 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee L ili ndi ngodya yofikira ya madigiri 30.1, mbali yochoka ya madigiri 23.6 ndi mbali yopuma ya madigiri 22.6.
Selec-Terrain 2021 Grand Cherokee L's state-of-the-art Selec-Terrain traction management system amalola makasitomala kusankha pakati pa-pamsewu ndi off-road zoikamo mulingo woyenera 4 × 4 performance. Kugawa kwa torque ya 4, kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera, kuwongolera ndi kuyimitsa, kuphatikiza kuwongolera, kusuntha, kusuntha, kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera, Kuwongolera, Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) ndi kumverera kowongolera.
Dongosolo la Selec-Terrain limapereka mitundu isanu ya mtunda (Auto, Sport, Rock, Snow, Matope / Mchenga), ndikupereka kuwongolera kokwanira pamagalimoto aliwonse.
Kutsika Control amalola dalaivala kulamulira liwiro la Grand Cherokee L pa otsetsereka, kalasi akhakula, ndi shifters zamagetsi ndi muyezo pa zitsanzo zonse, kuthetsa kufunika accelerator kapena ananyema pedal.Downhill ulamuliro ndi muyezo pa Overland ndi Summit zitsanzo ndi ntchito mbali zonse za kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Mitundu ya Trail Rated Overland 4 × 4 imapindula ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino kapamwamba, chilolezo chapansi, kuyendetsa bwino, kufotokozera ndi kuwongolera bwino (mpaka mainchesi 24) pamene ali ndi gulu lomwe likupezeka kunja kwa msewu. Gulu la Off-Road limaphatikizapo apamwamba- mbale zolimba zachitsulo, cholumikizira chamagetsi chocheperako, mawilo a 18-inch aluminiyamu ndi matayala olimba a nyengo yonse.
Jeep Grand Cherokee L yatsopano ya 2021 ili ndi zosintha zingapo kuti ziwongolere kukwera, kuwongolera ndi kumveka chete, komanso kuchepetsa kulemera ndi kuwongolera mafuta. ndi Quadra-Drive II), kuyimitsidwa kwa mpweya wa Quadra-Lift komanso kasamalidwe kabwino ka Selec-Terrain kasamalidwe kabwino ka Cherokee kaluso ka 4 × 4.
Gwiritsani ntchito zovundikira zopepuka, zolimba kwambiri za aluminiyamu, kuphatikiza hood ndi tailgate, kuti muchepetse kunenepa ndikuwongolera mafuta. Gulu la engineering la Jeep limachepetsa kulemera kwake pokweza ekseli molunjika ku injini limodzi ndi phiri lolimba lakutsogolo la aluminiyumu, zoyikira injini za aluminiyamu ndi chiwongolero, ma magnesium crossmembers, aluminiyamu shock towers ndi zida zonse zatsopano zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi. pangani magulu ku zigawo zozizira za sitampu zovuta kuchokera ku zida zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe sizinali zotheka m'mbuyomu, ndikupanga zomanga thupi zamphamvu komanso zatsopano.
Akatswiri a Jeep anatsindika kwambiri kupanga thupi lomwe linali lamphamvu koma lopepuka, loyenera komanso logwira ntchito.
Jeep Grand Cherokee imadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chamayendedwe ake apamsewu komanso bata, zikomo chifukwa cha kuyimitsidwa kwake kodziyimira pawokha kutsogolo komanso kumbuyo. -Kuyimitsidwa kumbuyo kwa kuyimitsidwa kwa kukwera bwino komanso kuyendetsa bwino tsiku ndi tsiku.Mlandu wa injini wolimbikitsidwa wokhala ndi nsanja zoletsa kugwedezeka kumawonjezera kuuma kwapakati ndi 125 peresenti. The new variable ratio air spring suspension mosalekeza amasintha kuuma molingana ndi katundu kuti apitirize kuthandizira nthano yagalimoto. Pali pafupifupi 6,500 welds pa thupi lokha, kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe lapamwamba.
Grand Cherokee L's air suspension system imakhala ndi zowonjezera zingapo kuti zipereke kuyenda kosalala, komasuka komanso kopanda msewu:
Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Grand Cherokee, ekseli kutsogolo ndi bolts molunjika kwa injini kuti kasamalidwe bwino phokoso, kugwedera ndi nkhanza (NVH) ndi mphamvu zoyendetsa galimoto, zikomo mwa mbali yake m'munsi pakati gravity.New yogwira/electronic injini Zokwera zimatengera kugwedezeka komanso kuyenda kopanda ntchito, koma kumalimba pa liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri kuti ziwonjezeke m'mphepete mwa nyanja.Izi ndi zatsopano pa Grand Cherokee zomwe zimapereka mulingo watsopano wa chitonthozo, kusinthasintha komanso magwiridwe antchito. khomo la nyengo ndi galasi lamayimbidwe amamaliza zowonjezera zomwe zimachepetsa NVH ndi phokoso la mphepo kuti likhale kunong'ona.
Makina a Grand Cherokee's Electric Power Steering (EPS) amawunikiridwa mosamala kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.Galimoto yamagetsi imagwira ntchito ndi adaptive engine control unit (ECU) kuyang'anira kuthamanga kwa chiwongolero, ngodya ya chiwongolero ndi liwiro lagalimoto. amalola milingo yosiyanasiyana ya chiwongolero kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito, mwachitsanzo, pamene thandizo lowongolera likufunika pa liwiro lotsika, monga podutsa malo oimikapo magalimoto, kapena kuchepera pa liwiro la misewu, kukulitsa chidaliro chonse cha oyendetsa. maneuverability ndikusunga bata pakati pamayendedwe onse.
Jeep Grand Cherokee L yatsopano ya 2021 imapatsa ogula mwayi wosankha injini ziwiri zamphamvu, zopanda mafuta komanso zoyengedwa bwino zomwe zimapereka ntchito zotsimikizika pakayendetsedwe kalikonse.
Standard ndi aluminiyamu yonse ya 3.6-lita Pentastar V-6 yomwe ili pa 293 hp ndi 260 lb-ft. kuthamanga ndi kukulitsidwa ndi zomata zomwe zimamangiriza mwachindunji ku chipika cha injini.Wopambana kasanu ndi kawiri wa Wards 10 kwa Best Engine ndi Propulsion System, injini ya Pentastar V-6 ndi yaying'ono ndipo imakhala ndi zinthu monga kutulutsa kotulutsa mpweya komwe kumaphatikizidwa mumutu wa silinda.
DOHC yoyendetsedwa ndi unyolo imaphatikizapo magawo awiri a valve variable lift ndi variable valve timing (VVT) .Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumasintha mofulumira kutulutsa kwa injini ku zofunikira za dalaivala kuti akwaniritse bwino ntchito ndi mafuta.
Tekinoloje ya Fuel-Efficient Engine Engine Start-Stop (ESS) ndi yokhazikika pa Pentastar V-6. Dongosolo la ESS lasinthidwa ndi kukonzedwa kwa Grand Cherokee L.Changes limaphatikizapo chinthu chosungiramo mphamvu mu gearbox ya gearbox eyiti, yomwe imapereka sinthani zinthu zokhala ndi madzi odzipatulira odzipatulira kuti ayambirenso mwachangu injini ikayambanso.Kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwamagetsi ndiukadaulo watsopano woyambira kumachepetsa kuyimitsanso koyambirira kwa injini chifukwa chakuyenda pang'ono kwa phazi la dalaivala pa brake pedal.Kuyambiranso phokoso, kugwedezeka ndi kuuma kumachepetsedwa ndikuwongolera bwino komanso makina osinthira osinthika.
Injini ya 3.6-lita Pentastar V-6 idavoteledwa kuti ikoke mpaka mapaundi 6,200 ndipo ikuyembekezeka kutalika pafupifupi mamailosi 500.
VVT yokhala ndi makamera apawiri odziyimira pawokha imathandizira kuti mafuta aziyenda bwino pama torque a Pentastar V-6's. kukokera.
Ogula omwe akufuna mphamvu zambiri amatha kusankha mphoto ya 5.7-lita V-8 yomwe ili pa 357 hp ndi 390 lb-ft.Torque yoperekedwa pamagetsi ambiri.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chipika chachitsulo chachitsulo ndi aluminium cylinder head, V-8 imapereka ntchito ndi mphamvu kudzera mu VVT ndi teknoloji yopulumutsa mafuta (cylinder deactivation) . wa masilindala anayi injini pa ntchito kuwala katundu kuti sikutanthauza mphamvu zonse, monga msewu cruising.Pamene dalaivala depresses accelerator pedal, dongosolo yomweyo restarts masilindala deactivated.
Injini ya Grand Cherokee L's V-8 imakhala ndi ukadaulo woletsa ma silinda omwe amatseka ma silinda anayi panthawi yothamanga kapena kuyenda pamsewu waukulu. mphamvu mathamangitsidwe ndi katundu wolemera, komanso ntchito yamphamvu zinayi, pamene makokedwe zofunika zochepa kuposa zinayi yamphamvu pazipita torque.Malingana ndi mmene galimoto deactivation, yamphamvu deactivation akhoza kusintha mafuta mafuta kuchokera 5% mpaka 20%.
Chuma chamafuta chikupitilizidwa bwino ndi ukadaulo wa VVT, womwe umachepetsa ntchito yopopera ya injini mwa kutseka valavu yolowera pambuyo pake ndikuwonjezera njira yowonjezera ya chochitika choyaka moto.Izi zimalola mphamvu zambiri kusamutsidwa ku mawilo m'malo motayika ngati kutentha kuchokera. The exhaust.VVT komanso bwino injini kupuma, amene kumawonjezera mphamvu injini ndi mphamvu.
Injini iliyonse imakhala yolimba, yolimba ya TorqueFlite yothamanga yama 8-speed automatic transmission kuti mafuta achuluke bwino komanso osunthika, osasunthika bwino. Kusiyanasiyana kwa magiya kumathandiza kuti injiniyo isasunthike m'malo oyenera kugwira ntchitoyo - kaya mukuyenda mumsewu waukulu kapena kupita kutali. -njira zapamsewu.Kusintha kwa mapu a Dynamic kumapangitsa kuti kutumizako kusinthe mwamsanga njira yake yosinthira kuti igwirizane ndi zosowa za dalaivala pogwiritsa ntchito zolowetsa monga kusintha kwa injini ya injini, kuzindikira kalasi, kutentha, ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwautali ndi lateral.
Chatsopano ku Grand Cherokee L 2021 Grand Cherokee L 4 × 4 ndi cholumikizira kutsogolo. Ngati galimoto iwona kuti msewu sufuna kuyendetsa magudumu onse, chitsulo cham'mbuyo chimangoyimitsa Grand Cherokee L pagalimoto yamawilo awiri, kuchepetsa kukoka ndi kupititsa patsogolo chuma chamafuta. Galimotoyo ikazindikira kufunika koyendetsa mawilo anayi, imayambiranso.
Maonekedwe Kuyambira pomwe Jeep adayambitsa Grand Cherokee mu 1992, idawonetsa dziko lapansi chinthu chomwe sichinawonepo. zatsopano za 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee L ikupitilizabe kumanga pa cholowa chake chonyadira kwinaku akukweza mipiringidzo kuti ikhale yapamwamba komanso yogwira ntchito.
"Gulu la Jeep Design lidawona zokongola zamakono za 2021 Grand Cherokee L yatsopano - agwira ntchito yojambula ndikupatsa mawonekedwe oyera komanso osinthika omwe amapangidwira makasitomala amasiku ano," atero a Mark Allen, Woyang'anira Design wa Jeep. Zokonzedwa.” "Mapangidwe a Grand Cherokee yamizere itatu yoyamba amalemekeza cholowa chake ndipo amalemekeza mizu yake yothandiza. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe apamwamba, mawonekedwe amakono komanso luso lodziwika bwino lomwe lafotokozera Grand Cherokee kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa. ”
Kuchuluka kwa Grand Cherokee L yatsopano kumalimbikitsidwa ndi Wagoneer yoyambirira, SUV yoyamba ya Jeep yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri. react.Gala lolowera kutsogolo limawonjezera kutalika kwa hood ndikulemekeza kapangidwe kake ka Wagoneer. Denga lotsika lotsika limapangitsa kuti aerodynamics azitha kuyenda bwino popanda kupereka malo onyamula katundu komanso kuchitapo kanthu.
Kusintha kochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi maonekedwe a Grand Cherokee L. Nyali zatsopano zowonda kwambiri za LED ndizo zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri, zomwe zimatsindika za luso la galimotoyo. ndi kukongoletsa kokongola kumasonyeza kuunikira kwake kotsogola ndikugogomezera m'lifupi mwa galimotoyo. Pansi pa grille, fascia yatsopano yakutsogolo imakhala yokulirapo kuposa mibadwo yam'mbuyomu, yopangidwa kuti igwire ntchito pomwe ikusunga njira yopikisana yomwe Grand Cherokee imadziwika. amalankhulana ndi cholinga kwinaku akuwonjezera kukhudza kwa mawonekedwe a mutu wonse wakutsogolo. Zotsegula zazikulu zokhala ndi zinthu zojambulidwa zimabisa phukusi la rada yautali wautali komanso zida zina zaukadaulo zapamwamba, kuphatikiza zotsekera zama grille zogwira ntchito, kuti zithandizire kukonza bwino misewu ndi mafuta.
Kuyang'ana kumbali, m'chiuno m'munsi ndi galasi lokulitsa limapanga kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kuwonekera bwino. Padenga la nyumbayo likuwoneka kuti likuyandama chifukwa cha mawonekedwe atsopano a zenera, omwe amayambira pansi pa magalasi akumbali ndikupitirira mpaka pansi. mazenera kumbuyo kotala ndi backlighting.This trim mankhwala ndi accentuated posankha Gloss Black denga, amene poyamba anapereka pa zitsanzo Overland ndipo anakhala muyezo pa Summit zitsanzo.The latsopano denga pachivundikirocho chivundikiro chimaphatikizapo wapadera mbali njanji chivundikiro kulenga msoko tione. Kuvala thupi ndi ntchito zowala zimachepetsedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kukongola kwamakono kwa galimotoyo.
Misewu yowonjezereka (36mm yowonjezereka) imapatsa Grand Cherokee L kukhala chete ndi chidaliro. Kuwombera kwa magudumu kumakoka mwamphamvu mozungulira matayala kuti alimbikitse kukula kwa Grand Cherokee L. ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba pa Grand Cherokee, mawilo 21 inchi ndi muyezo pa Summit Reserve phukusi.
Kupitiliza mutu wake wamakono, kumbuyo kwa galimotoyo kwasinthidwa, ndi kutsika kwa m'chiuno kumathandizira kukulitsa zenera lakumbuyo.Zowoneka bwino, zowunikira zapamwamba za LED zimapangidwira kuti ziwonetsere kugawira zigawo zakumbuyo ndi kupititsa patsogolo luso la galimoto.A Mzere wosiyana wa khalidwe pansi pa nyali zowunikira umapereka chithunzithunzi chowonekera ndikupitirira mpaka kumbali zonse za galimotoyo, kubweretsa mbali zam'mbuyo ndi zathupi pamodzi motsatira njira yogwirizana. kutsogolo ndikupereka mawonekedwe m'lifupi kumbuyo.
Kamera yoyang'ana kumbuyo yokhala ndi gasket imalowetsedwa bwino mu tailgate spoiler, ndipo imapezanso kuwala kwatsopano kwa LED pakati pazitali zokwera kwambiri. Zinthu zina zakumbuyo, kuphatikiza Chivundikiro chokhazikika chophatikizika cha kalavani ndi utsi wokwera pamadontho, zimapereka mawonekedwe athunthu.Overland ndi Summit zitsanzo zimabwera mokhazikika ndi cholowera chamanja chopanda manja, choyendetsedwa ndi phazi.
Makina owunikira amtundu wa LED onse ndi okhazikika pamilingo yonse ya Jeep Grand Cherokee kwa nthawi yoyamba, kulola kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndikuthandizira kukonza mawonekedwe agalimoto.
Nyali zocheperako zokhala ndi siginecha yapadera yoyatsa zokhala ndi ma bezel akuda onyezimira, komanso nyali zazing'ono zopingasa zachifunga, zimawonetsa kusakhala kwachabechabe chakutsogolo, zomwe zimapangitsa Grand Cherokee L kuzindikirika nthawi yomweyo masana ndi usiku.
Kumbuyo, nyali zazing'ono zokhala ndi siginecha yapadera yowunikira zimamaliza nkhani yowunikira. Zinthu zina ndi monga zogwirira zitseko zowunikira moyandikira komanso kuyatsa kwamadzi komwe kumawonekera kuchokera pagalasi lowonera kumbuyo, zomwe ndizokhazikika pamitundu ya Overland ndi Summit.
Zikafika pamapangidwe amkati a Jeep Grand Cherokee L ya 2021, gululi lidafuna kupanga imodzi mwazinthu zoyengedwa bwino komanso zaukadaulo zam'kati mwamakampaniwo. zida zokhala ndi chidwi ndi tsatanetsatane komanso zida zamakono zomwe zimagwira ntchito mosasunthika ndi kunja kwake kowonda komanso kogwirizana.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-05-2022