Okonza mapulani ndi okonza mapulani ochokera kumakampani otsogola, komanso olimbikitsa komanso akatswiri, adzawunika mphamvu ndi zofooka zamalingaliro ndi machitidwe amasiku ano, ndikuwunika zinthu monga kafukufuku, ukadaulo ndi thanzi.
Kupyolera mu kusanthula mozama, kulingalira mozama, ndi malipoti atsatanetsatane, mamembala a Metropolis adzakupatsani zida zomwe mudzafune m'chaka chomwe chikubwera.
Mu 2019, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale awiri otchedwa Bauhaus adawonekera m'magulu azikhalidwe zaku Germany. Kuti atengere mwayi pazaka 100 za sukulu yomanga, Bauhaus Museum ku Weimar inali yoyamba kutuluka pazipata zake, kutsegulidwa koyambirira kwa Epulo. Kudina pang'ono pambuyo pake, Museum ya Bauhaus ku Dessau idatsatiranso kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala. Ntchito yachitatu, kukulitsidwa kochedwa kwa Walter Gropius's 1979 Bauhaus Gestaltung Archive/Museum ku Berlin, sikunayende bwino ndipo kukuyembekezeka kutsegulidwa kwa zaka zingapo.
Pakali pano ku Berlin, keel ya Captain Gropius yasweka chombo mu dzenje lamatope ndipo pulogalamu yake yasunthidwa kumalo owonjezera kwakanthawi. Nyumbayi, yomwe idamangidwa mu 1976, chaka chomwe GDR idamanganso kampasi ya Dessau ku Kapitan yomwe idatsegulidwa mu 1979, sinakhalepo yotchuka kwambiri ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kumawonjezeka kuyambira kugwa kwa Khoma la Berlin. Izi mwachiwonekere zinali zotsatira za kusagwirizana: Dongosolo loyambirira la Gropius mu 1964 la malo otsetsereka ku Darmstadt, tauni yaing'ono pafupi ndi Frankfurt, inalepheretsedwa ndi ndale za komweko. Sizinapite mpaka zaka khumi zotsatira, pambuyo pa imfa ya Gropius, kuti ntchitoyi inapeza malo ku West Berlin panthawiyo. Komabe, kusokonezeka kumeneku kunasokoneza ndondomeko yoyamba ndipo kunafuna kusinthidwa kwakukulu (makamaka kutembenuzidwa kwa nyumbayo kukhala malo ozungulira) ndi wothandizira wa Gropius Alex Cianovich.
Chisangalalo chilichonse cholembedwa koyamba chidaphedwa mwadongosolo mu mtundu wotuwa womaliza. M'mawu a wotsutsa Sibylla Moholy-Nagy, ndi modular, popanda chikhulupiriro m'malingaliro ake ndi kuchepetsa, "popanda chikhumbo chamoto cha kuthekera kwatsopano." Anagwiritsa ntchito mpata uliwonse kulimbana ndi Gropius m'masiku ake akale a boma. Pamwamba, zomwe, mosiyana ndi mbiri ya sukulu, zinali zodetsa nkhaŵa za luso lazojambula pakati pa omanga a Bauhaus, anali matte. Denga lodziwika bwino, komanso njira yokhotakhota yowonjezedwa ndi Cvijanovic, imafuna kutalika kochulukirapo koma ikulephera. Iwo sanali Bauhaus.
Nkhani ya Bauhaus Archives ndi yophunzitsa chifukwa imasonyeza vuto la kumanga "chizindikiro", makamaka chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe monga Bauhaus. Matsenga sangathe kubwezeretsedwanso, monga momwe tsoka limakhalira farce ndipo farce amakhala memetic nihilism. Pomwe mzinda uliwonse padziko lapansi ukumanga nyumba "zamakono", amafanana kwambiri ndi masukulu odziwika bwino azaka za m'ma 1900 kuposa momwe amachitira ndi IKEA ndi Alucobond.
Komabe, luso la Bauhaus linali mumkhalidwe woyaka moto wa ndale umene unaukakamiza kukhalapo. Kuchokera m’chiphalaphala cha nkhondo zapadziko lonse, mzimu watsopano unawuka, umene Gropius anaulongosola m’chionetsero chake cha 1919 pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa sukuluyo ku Weimar. "Crystallization" ndilo liwu lofunika kwambiri, monganso langizo lake losaiwalika: "Zojambula ziyenera kupeza mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino m'ntchito yaikulu ya luso. Ntchito yayikuluyi, tchalitchi chachikulu chamtsogolo ichi, Bweretsani kuwala kochuluka muzinthu zazing'ono kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. moyo.”
Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti chithunzi chojambulidwa kwambiri cha nthawi yoyambirira ya Weimar ku Bauhaus chinali chojambula cha Lionel Feininger chosonyeza prismatic "socialist cathedral". Uwu ndiye sosholizimu wa William Morris, wapadziko lapansi komanso wachibale, wololera kukhudzika ndi zomwe zamoyo zisanachitike. Luso, ndiko kuti, luso, lidzakhala chitetezo ku zoopsa zankhondo zamakina zomwe ma bourgeoisie kunyumba ndi kunja angapiteko.
Chofunikira pakulimbana kotere ndi kutengeka mtima ndi umunthu, ndipo pamene kuli bwino kutenga malo awa kuposa ku Weimar, malo a mitsempha ya Chidziwitso cha Germany, kumene Goethe ndi Schiller anabadwira? Koma posakhalitsa katswiri wa Esperanto yemwe ankakhala m'ma studio a Bauhaus adasandulika kukhala chiphunzitso china, chokhazikika komanso chogawanika, mwa zina zochokera ku ntchito ya Theo van Doburg's De Stijlist.
Heike Hanada, mmisiri wa zomangamanga yemwe adapanga Bauhaus Museum ku Weimar, analibe mphamvu zogulira chilichonse. A squat konkire kyubu, amasonyeza nkhawa zina zobisika mu expressionism, koma amakana chisomo chake chopulumutsa. Zoyenera kupatsidwa kufunikira kwa ndondomeko ya Weimar ya kuwonongedwa mothandizidwa ndi makina a Nazi, komanso malo omwe ali pafupi ndi Gauforum (nyumba yoyang'anira kumene ndondomekoyi inakhazikitsidwa) ndi msasa wachibalo wa Buchenwald (kumene ndondomekoyi inkachitika). Voliyumu ya nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imakhala ndi mazenera ochepa chabe, omwe amapatsa mphamvu yolimba. Njirayi ikuwoneka ngati kuyambika kolakwika kwa mkati ngati sikunali kwa mpweya wamkati, womwe komabe umavutika kwambiri ndi masitepe apakati, opapatiza kwambiri.
Kwa onse opsinjika ndi olemetsa, iyi si "silo" monga momwe owerengera ena amanenera. Kutsutsa kwa zomangamanga nthawi zonse kumakhala ndi msonkhano wosokoneza ndi mafananidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, mayeserowo ndi omveka - pafupi kwambiri ndi Gauforum ndi khoti loyandikana nalo lomwe kale linali ndi dzina laulemu la "Adolf Hitlerplatz" -ndipo, mulimonsemo, amalozera ku mtundu A wa lamulo la Derwin: kukambirana kulikonse kwa Bauhaus kudzatsogolera. ku Nazism.
Sukuluyi idachotsedwa koyamba ku Weimar pomwe akuluakulu akuchigawo okwiya adachotsa ndalama. Anasamukira ku Dessau ndipo sukuluyo inakhala zaka zake zagolide (1926) pa Gropius campus hatching. Gropius adapereka ndodoyo kwa chikominisi choseka (komanso wamkulu mwamamangidwe) Hannes Meyer. Sukuluyi yakula, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ophunzira ayamba kuchita zambiri ndi dziko kunja kwa studio zawo. Izi zinakhala vuto, Meyer anakakamizika kuchoka ndipo Mies van der Rohe adalowa mumpata. Anasiya maphunziro ake ndipo anasintha maganizo ake pa nyumba za antchito, komanso malonda, kujambula, ziboliboli, ndi zisudzo, n'kupita ku nyumba ya Plato ya galasi lathyathyathya. Kufufuza kwa ophunzira za zinsinsi zamafakitale ndi mbiri yakale kumapitanso kumaphunziro a chala ndi milomo a mawonekedwe a zomangamanga. Koma zili bwino, chifukwa malaya abulauni akuwonekera apa, ndipo ena amalowa mu Bauhausler. Adatcha sukuluyo "aquarium" ndikuitumiza ku Berlin, komwe idagonja pakuwopseza kwa Kulturkampf.
Bauhaus anali mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira omwe anazunzidwa ndi fascism, zomwe zinachititsa kuti atsogoleri ake abalalitsidwe kudutsa malire ndi hemispheres. (Moholy-Nagy kachiwiri: “Mu 1933 Hitler anagwedeza mtengowo ndipo Amereka anatuta zipatso za luso la Chijeremani.”) Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, Gropius, Breuer ndi ena anali olandiridwa kumtima wa dziko laluntha la Amereka. . Ndipo "kumva" - dzina lopusa lomwe adapatsidwa ndi bwenzi latsopano - adayamba kufafaniza zolembazo. Nthawi ya Weimar idaphedwa kwathunthu, ndipo mafunde a sosholisti pasukuluyi adasinthidwanso. Chotsalira ndi Bauhaus wake ku Dessau, bungwe lamakono kwambiri ku Old World.
Bauhaus ndiye adayambitsa njira yofewa ya CIA kuti awononge mbiri ya Soviet Union pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Dessau, sukulu ya yunivesite ndi mzindawu zinali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Soviet, koma Bauhaus weniweni, monga demokalase, ankakhala m'dziko loyamba. Monga momwe akatswiri monga Kathleen James-Chakraborty asonyezera, mafunde osiyanasiyana amakono omwe analipo kale, panthawi imodzimodziyo komanso pambuyo pa Germany Bauhaus - Neues Bauen, Expressionism, Weimar Lichtreklame - adaphatikizidwa mwalamulo ku Bauhaus, chizindikirocho chidzakhala. kutumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi. . Gulu la NATO.
Koma mu zomangamanga za echt Bauhaus m'dziko lakwawo, manja awiri ndi ofunika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa masukulu, palinso nyumba zophunzirira, monga nyumba ya masters ya Gropius ya masters a Bauhaus (indeterminate, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy), ndi ntchito zopanda maphunziro, zomwe si za stucco, zomwe ndi Gropius Employment Office (1929) ndi Hannes Meyer. Nyumba yachinyengo yokhala ndi khonde (1930). Ku Weimar, Haus am Horn mu 1923 anali kuyesa koyamba pamtunduwu. Ngakhalenso kuchokera ku Central Germany anali Meyer's trade union school ADGB ku Bernau, pafupi ndi Berlin, mu 1930. Monga kampasi ya Dessau, ili ndi malingaliro - ndi othandiza kwambiri - koma osayanjanitsika ndi chizindikiro cha Gropius 'Sachlichkeit.
Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka zana, nyumba zimang'ambikabe chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zachitsanzo. Inde, ndizotheka kusakhala ndi chiyero cha Lutheran, chomwe a Bauhauslers asokoneza kale mu ubale wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kapena nyimbo zongopeka (“umodzi watsopano”), kapena nyimbo yaukadaulo (zojambula ndi ukadaulo, ukadaulo ndi luso, ameni).
Zikomo, chifukwa cha Addendum Architects, situdiyo kuseri kwa Bauhaus Museum Dessau ku Barcelona, Spain. Imachotsa zinthu zonyansa kwambiri za Dessau Gang ndikusunga mizere yolimba komanso typography yodabwitsa. Sitinganene kuti nyumbayi ndi yabwino kwambiri. Chithunzicho ndi chophweka kwambiri, kugwirizana kwachikale pakati pa zenizeni ndi zenizeni: holo yachiwonetsero yokhala ndi nthawi yowonekera bwino imadutsa holo yosakanikirana yokhala ndi nthawi yomveka bwino. Theka lapamwamba ndi lakuda lakuda kubisa zomwe zili mkatimo, pomwe theka la pansi limasiya envelopu yowoneka bwino.
Wodzichepetsa mpaka pano. Koma poganizira malo odziwika bwino a nyumbayi papaki yayikulu yapakati patawuni, mawindo agalasi sawoneka bwino momwe ayenera kukhalira. Okonza mapulaniwo ankafuna kuti awononge fanolo (mumzimu wa Bauhaus), kotero kuti mkati ndi kunja kunasokonezeka, koma kupitirira apo, kukhalapo kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kumalo ena a anthu kunkawoneka ngati kovuta.
Pakadali pano, kukulitsidwa kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ku Berlin ndikokongola kwambiri kwa ntchito zatsopanozi. Zambiri mwa pulojekitiyi zidzabisidwa mobisa, ndi nsanja yokhala ndi nsanjika zisanu yokhayo yomwe ikuwoneka bwino kwambiri pa dongosololi. Ili ndi mizati yopyapyala, yokhazikika kunja, ndikusiya pansi (pamalo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo ogulitsira) otseguka. Staab Architekten adatengedwa ndi komitiyi mu 2015 ndipo chinali chanzeru kuti pakhale mtunda pakati pa nyumba yomwe ilipo ndi yake, kuti athetse bwino chikoka chilichonse chachindunji.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, zambiri zomwe Bauhaus amanena pa mbiri yakale zimagwirizana ndi ntchito yomangamanga yomwe ili ndi mlandu. Kupatulapo nyumba za Meyer ndi kampasi ya Dessau, "zomangamanga za Bauhaus" ndizosocheretsa pang'ono. Zochita zina pasukuluyi, kuyambira kuluka mpaka kupangidwa kwa mapepala apamwamba, kuyambira kujambula mpaka kutsatsa, zinali zatsopano ndipo zimakopabe malingaliro athu. (M'malo mwake, a Bauhaus analibe mapulani omanga ambiri omwe amakhalapo.)
Ndi chiyani chomwe chimapangitsa ophunzira kukhala maso usiku ngati Bauhaus akonzedwanso mu 2019? Ili ndiye funso lofunsidwa ndi bukhu latsopano la Tsogolo la Bauhaus (MIT Press), ndipo pakati pa mayankho ambiri osiyanasiyana komanso anthawi yake, zomanga, ndiko kuti, zomangamanga, sizipezeka. Koma simungathe kuyambitsa kampeni yokopa alendo ambiri chifukwa cha malingaliro owuma - nzeru zatsopano zowopsa.
Omwe angayende nawonso saloledwa kuyenda mkati mwa Albers Tapestry. Simungathe kukhala muzojambula za Klee kapena kukanikiza thupi lanu motsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya teapot ya Brandt. Koma mutha kukwera ndege, kuwuluka kupita ku Berlin, kukwera sitima kupita ku Dessau, kukakwera taxi kupita ku Gropiusallee 38, kudutsa zitseko zofiira (kuposa zofiira), jambulani zithunzi pamasitepe, m'sitolo yamphatso, mukulira. . m'chipinda chodyera muli unyamata wanu wotayika. Mutha kugona ngakhale usiku.
Mwinanso mungakonde Kutali ndi Kachisi wa Reason, Bauhaus ndi khola lopotoka.
Lembetsani ku kalata yathu yamakalata kuti mulandire zosintha zaposachedwa, zomwe zili zokhazokha komanso zolembetsa zolembetsa molunjika kubokosi lanu!
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-23-2022