Mu "Fire Engineering" yomwe inafalitsidwa mu April 2006, tinakambirana nkhani zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pamene moto umapezeka m'nyumba yamalonda imodzi.Pano, tiwonanso zina mwazinthu zomanga zomwe zingakhudze njira yanu yotetezera moto.
Pansipa, timatenga nyumba yachitsulo yokhala ndi zipinda zambiri monga chitsanzo kuti tisonyeze momwe zimakhudzira kukhazikika kwa nyumba iliyonse pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za nyumbayi (zithunzi 1, 2).
Membala wopangidwa ndi mzati wokhala ndi compression effect.Amatulutsa kulemera kwa denga ndikulitengera pansi.Kulephera kwa gawoli kungayambitse kugwa kwadzidzidzi kwa gawo kapena nyumba yonse.Muchitsanzo ichi, zipilala zimayikidwa pa konkire pad pansi ndikumangirira ku I-mtengo pafupi ndi denga.Moto ukayaka, zitsulo zachitsulo padenga kapena kutalika kwa denga zimatenthedwa ndikuyamba kukulirakulira komanso kupindika.Chitsulo chokulitsidwa chikhoza kukokera mzati kutali ndi ndege yake yowongoka.Pakati pa zigawo zonse zomangira, kulephera kwa ndime ndikoopsa kwambiri.Ngati muwona ndime yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yopendekeka kapena yosayima, chonde dziwitsani Mtsogoleri wa Zochitika (IC) nthawi yomweyo.Nyumbayo iyenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuyitanitsa mayina (chithunzi 3).
Chitsulo - chipika chopingasa chomwe chimachirikiza matabwa ena.Zomangirazo zimapangidwa kuti zinyamule zinthu zolemera, ndipo zimakhazikika pamalo oongoka.Moto ndi kutentha zikayamba kuwononga zomangira, zitsulo zimayamba kuyamwa kutentha.Pafupifupi 1,100 ° F, chitsulocho chidzayamba kulephera.Pa kutentha uku, chitsulocho chimayamba kukula ndi kupotoza.Chitsulo chotalika mamita 100 chikhoza kukula ndi pafupifupi mainchesi 10.Chitsulocho chikayamba kukula ndi kupindika, mizati yochirikiza zitsulozo imayambanso kuyenda.Kukula kwachitsulo kungayambitse makoma onse kumapeto kwa girder kukankhira kunja (ngati chitsulo chikugwera pakhoma la njerwa), zomwe zingayambitse khoma kapena kusweka (chithunzi 4).
Chitsulo chopepuka chachitsulo cholumikizira -mitundu yofananira yazitsulo zopepuka, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira pansi kapena madenga otsetsereka.Kutsogolo, pakati ndi kumbuyo zitsulo matabwa a nyumba thandizo trusses opepuka.Cholumikiziracho chimawotchedwa ku mtengo wachitsulo.Pakayaka moto, truss yopepuka imatha kuyamwa mwachangu kutentha ndipo imatha kulephera mkati mwa mphindi zisanu kapena khumi.Ngati denga lili ndi zowongolera mpweya ndi zida zina, kugwa kumatha kuchitika mwachangu.Musayese kudula denga lolimba la joist.Kuchita zimenezi kungathe kudula chingwe chapamwamba cha truss, membala wamkulu wonyamula katundu, ndipo kungapangitse kuti denga lonse ligwe.
Kutalikirana kwa ma joists kumatha kukhala motalikirana mamita anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu.Kutalikirana kotereku ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe simukufuna kudula denga ndi zitsulo zopepuka komanso denga looneka ngati Q.Wachiwiri kwa Commissioner wa New York Fire Department (wopuma pantchito) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) anafotokoza mu “Kugwa kwa Nyumba Zolimbana ndi Moto: A Guide to Fire Safety” (Fire Engineering Books and Videos, 1988): “Kusiyana pakati pa matabwa zolumikizira ndi chitsulo Kusiyana kofunikira kwa mapangidwe Njira yothandizira pamwamba ya ma joists ndikutalikirana kwa ma joists.Kutalikirana pakati pa ma mesh mesh otseguka achitsulo kumafika mamita 8, kutengera kukula kwa zitsulo ndi katundu wa denga.Dera lalikulu pakati pa ma joists ngakhale palibe zitsulo zachitsulo Pankhani ya ngozi ya kugwa, palinso zoopsa zingapo kwa ozimitsa moto kuti adule kutsegula padenga la denga.Choyamba, pamene mkombero wa odulidwawo watsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo ngati denga silili pamwamba pa imodzi mwazitsulo zazitsulo zokhala ndi malo ambiri, Chodula chapamwamba chodulidwa chikhoza kupindika mwadzidzidzi kapena kumangirira pansi pamoto.Ngati phazi limodzi la ozimitsa moto litadulidwa padenga, akhoza kutaya mphamvu yake ndi kugwera pamoto womwe uli pansipa ndi tcheni (chithunzi 5) .(138)
Zitseko zachitsulo-zopingasa zitsulo zimathandizira kugawanso kulemera kwa njerwa pazitseko zazenera ndi zitseko.Mapepala azitsulowa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a "L" ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono, pamene matabwa a I amagwiritsidwa ntchito potsegula zazikulu.Khoma lachitseko limamangidwa pakhoma lamiyala mbali zonse za khomo.Mofanana ndi zitsulo zina, chingwe cha chitseko chikatentha, chimayamba kukula ndi kupindika.Kulephera kwachitsulo chachitsulo kungapangitse khoma lapamwamba kugwa (zithunzi 6 ndi 7).
Facade - kunja kwa nyumbayo.Zida zachitsulo zopepuka zimapanga chimango cha facade.Pansi pa pulasitala wotchinga madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka chapamwamba.Chitsulo chopepuka chidzataya msanga mphamvu zamapangidwe ndi kukhazikika pamoto.Mpweya wabwino wa chipinda chapamwamba ukhoza kutheka mwa kuswa gypsum sheath m'malo moyika ozimitsa moto padenga.Mphamvu ya pulasitala yakunjayi ndi yofanana ndi pulasitala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'kati mwa makoma a nyumba.Pambuyo poyika gypsum sheath, womanga amapaka Styrofoam® pa pulasitala ndiyeno amavala pulasitala (zithunzi 8, 9).
Padenga pamwamba.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga denga la nyumbayi ndizosavuta kupanga.Choyamba, misomali yachitsulo yokongoletsera ngati Q imalumikizidwa ndi ma joists olimbikitsidwa.Kenako, ikani zinthu zotchinjiriza thovu pa bolodi lokongoletsa ngati Q ndikulikonza pamalopo ndi zomangira.Pambuyo poyika zida zotsekera m'malo mwake, sungani filimu ya rabara kuzinthu zotchinjiriza thovu kuti mumalize pamwamba pa denga.
Kwa madenga otsetsereka, denga lina lomwe mungakumane nalo ndi polystyrene foam insulation, yokutidwa ndi 3/8 inch latex modified konkriti.
Mtundu wachitatu wa denga umakhala ndi zinthu zosanjikiza zokhazikika zokhazikika padenga ladenga.Ndiye phula anamva pepala ndi glued kuti kutchinjiriza wosanjikiza ndi otentha phula.Mwalawu umayikidwa pamwamba padenga kuti ukonze ndikuteteza nembanemba yomva.
Kwa mtundu uwu wa mapangidwe, musaganizire kudula denga.Kutha kugwa ndi mphindi 5 mpaka 10, kotero palibe nthawi yokwanira yopumira denga bwino.Ndi zofunika kuti ventilate chipinda chapamwamba kudzera yopingasa mpweya wabwino (kudutsa kutsogolo kwa nyumbayo) m'malo kuika zigawo zikuluzikulu padenga.Kudula mbali iliyonse ya truss kungayambitse denga lonse kugwa.Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapanelo a denga amatha kugwedezeka pansi pa kulemera kwa mamembala omwe amadula denga, motero amatumiza anthu ku nyumba yamoto.Makampaniwa ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira muzitsulo zowala ndipo akulimbikitsidwa kuti muwachotse padenga pamene mamembala akuwonekera (chithunzi 10).
Kuyimitsidwa kwa denga la aluminiyumu kapena dongosolo lachitsulo la gridi, ndi waya wachitsulo woyimitsidwa padenga.Dongosolo la gridi limathandizira matailosi onse kuti apange denga lomalizidwa.Danga pamwamba pa denga loyimitsidwa limapereka chiopsezo chachikulu kwa ozimitsa moto.Zomwe zimatchedwa "attic" kapena "truss void", zimatha kubisala moto ndi malawi.Malowa akalowa, mpweya wa carbon monoxide ukhoza kuyatsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gululi lonse liwonongeke.Muyenera kuyang'ana malo oyendera alendo mwamsanga moto ukayaka, ndipo ngati motowo waphulika mwadzidzidzi kuchokera padenga, ozimitsa moto onse ayenera kuloledwa kuthawa.Mafoni am'manja otha kuchapitsidwanso anayikidwa pafupi ndi khomo, ndipo ozimitsa moto onse anali atavala zida zonse zolowera.Mawaya amagetsi, zigawo za dongosolo la HVAC ndi mizere ya gasi ndi zina mwazinthu zomanga zomwe zitha kubisika m'malo otchinga.Mapaipi ambiri a gasi amatha kulowa padenga ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsa pamwamba pa nyumba (zithunzi 11 ndi 12).
Masiku ano, zitsulo zazitsulo ndi matabwa zimayikidwa m'nyumba zamitundu yonse, kuchokera ku nyumba zaumwini kupita ku nyumba zapamwamba zaofesi, ndipo chisankho chochotsa ozimitsa moto chikhoza kuwoneka kale pakusintha kwamoto.Nthawi yomanga nyumba ya truss yakhala yotalika mokwanira kotero kuti akuluakulu onse ozimitsa moto ayenera kudziwa momwe nyumba zomwe zilimo zimachitira pakayaka moto ndikuchitapo kanthu.
Kuti akonzekere bwino mabwalo ophatikizika, ayenera kuyamba ndi lingaliro lazomangamanga.Francis L. Brannigan's "Fire Building Structure", kope lachitatu (National Fire Protection Association, 1992) ndi buku la Dunn lasindikizidwa kwa nthawi ndithu, ndipo ndiloyenera kuwerengedwa kwa mamembala onse a bukhu lamoto.
Popeza nthawi zambiri sitikhala ndi nthawi yofunsira akatswiri omanga pamalo oyaka moto, udindo wa IC ndi kulosera za kusintha komwe kudzachitika nyumbayo ikayaka.Ngati ndinu msilikali kapena mukufuna kukhala wapolisi, muyenera kuphunzitsidwa muzomangamanga.
JOHN MILES ndi kapitao wa Dipatimenti Yozimitsa Moto ku New York, wopatsidwa makwerero a 35.M'mbuyomu, adagwira ntchito ngati lieutenant pamakwerero a 35 komanso ozimitsa moto pamakwerero a 34 ndi injini ya 82.(NJ) Dipatimenti ya Moto ndi Dipatimenti ya Moto ya Spring Valley (NY), ndipo ndi mphunzitsi ku Rockland County Fire Training Center ku Pomona, New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ndi msilikali wazaka 33 wazaka za ntchito yozimitsa moto, ndipo anali mkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Moto ya Vail River (NJ).Ali ndi digiri ya master mu kayendetsedwe ka boma ndipo ndi membala wa advisory board a Bergen County (NJ) School of Law and Public Safety.
Mu "Fire Engineering" yomwe inafalitsidwa mu April 2006, tinakambirana nkhani zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pamene moto umapezeka m'nyumba yamalonda imodzi.Pano, tiwonanso zina mwazinthu zomanga zomwe zingakhudze njira yanu yotetezera moto.
Pansipa, timatenga nyumba yachitsulo yokhala ndi zipinda zambiri monga chitsanzo kuti tisonyeze momwe zimakhudzira kukhazikika kwa nyumba iliyonse pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za nyumbayi (zithunzi 1, 2).
Membala wopangidwa ndi mzati wokhala ndi compression effect.Amatulutsa kulemera kwa denga ndikulitengera pansi.Kulephera kwa gawoli kungayambitse kugwa kwadzidzidzi kwa gawo kapena nyumba yonse.Muchitsanzo ichi, zipilala zimayikidwa pa konkire pad pansi ndikumangirira ku I-mtengo pafupi ndi denga.Moto ukayaka, zitsulo zachitsulo padenga kapena kutalika kwa denga zimatenthedwa ndikuyamba kukulirakulira komanso kupindika.Chitsulo chokulitsidwa chikhoza kukokera mzati kutali ndi ndege yake yowongoka.Pakati pa zigawo zonse zomangira, kulephera kwa ndime ndikoopsa kwambiri.Ngati muwona ndime yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yopendekeka kapena yosayima, chonde dziwitsani Mtsogoleri wa Zochitika (IC) nthawi yomweyo.Nyumbayo iyenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuyitanitsa mayina (chithunzi 3).
Chitsulo - chipika chopingasa chomwe chimachirikiza matabwa ena.Zomangirazo zimapangidwa kuti zinyamule zinthu zolemera, ndipo zimakhazikika pamalo oongoka.Moto ndi kutentha zikayamba kuwononga zomangira, zitsulo zimayamba kuyamwa kutentha.Pafupifupi 1,100 ° F, chitsulocho chidzayamba kulephera.Pa kutentha uku, chitsulocho chimayamba kukula ndi kupotoza.Chitsulo chotalika mamita 100 chikhoza kukula ndi pafupifupi mainchesi 10.Chitsulocho chikayamba kukula ndi kupindika, mizati yochirikiza zitsulozo imayambanso kuyenda.Kukula kwachitsulo kungayambitse makoma onse kumapeto kwa girder kukankhira kunja (ngati chitsulo chikugwera pakhoma la njerwa), zomwe zingayambitse khoma kapena kusweka (chithunzi 4).
Chitsulo chopepuka chachitsulo cholumikizira -mitundu yofananira yazitsulo zopepuka, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira pansi kapena madenga otsetsereka.Kutsogolo, pakati ndi kumbuyo zitsulo matabwa a nyumba thandizo trusses opepuka.Cholumikiziracho chimawotchedwa ku mtengo wachitsulo.Pakayaka moto, truss yopepuka imatha kuyamwa mwachangu kutentha ndipo imatha kulephera mkati mwa mphindi zisanu kapena khumi.Ngati denga lili ndi zowongolera mpweya ndi zida zina, kugwa kumatha kuchitika mwachangu.Musayese kudula denga lolimba la joist.Kuchita zimenezi kungathe kudula chingwe chapamwamba cha truss, membala wamkulu wonyamula katundu, ndipo kungapangitse kuti denga lonse ligwe.
Kutalikirana kwa ma joists kumatha kukhala motalikirana mamita anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu.Kutalikirana kotereku ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe simukufuna kudula denga ndi zitsulo zopepuka komanso denga looneka ngati Q.Wachiwiri kwa Commissioner wa New York Fire Department (wopuma pantchito) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) anafotokoza mu “Kugwa kwa Nyumba Zolimbana ndi Moto: A Guide to Fire Safety” (Fire Engineering Books and Videos, 1988): “Kusiyana pakati pa matabwa zolumikizira ndi chitsulo Kusiyana kofunikira kwa mapangidwe Njira yothandizira pamwamba ya ma joists ndikutalikirana kwa ma joists.Kutalikirana pakati pa ma mesh mesh otseguka achitsulo kumafika mamita 8, kutengera kukula kwa zitsulo ndi katundu wa denga.Dera lalikulu pakati pa ma joists ngakhale palibe zitsulo zachitsulo Pankhani ya ngozi ya kugwa, palinso zoopsa zingapo kwa ozimitsa moto kuti adule kutsegula padenga la denga.Choyamba, pamene mkombero wa odulidwawo watsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo ngati denga silili pamwamba pa imodzi mwazitsulo zazitsulo zokhala ndi malo ambiri, Chodula chapamwamba chodulidwa chikhoza kupindika mwadzidzidzi kapena kumangirira pansi pamoto.Ngati phazi limodzi la ozimitsa moto litadulidwa padenga, akhoza kutaya mphamvu yake ndi kugwera pamoto womwe uli pansipa ndi tcheni (chithunzi 5) .(138)
Zitseko zachitsulo-zopingasa zitsulo zimathandizira kugawanso kulemera kwa njerwa pazitseko zazenera ndi zitseko.Mapepala azitsulowa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a "L" ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono, pamene matabwa a I amagwiritsidwa ntchito potsegula zazikulu.Khoma lachitseko limamangidwa pakhoma lamiyala mbali zonse za khomo.Mofanana ndi zitsulo zina, chingwe cha chitseko chikatentha, chimayamba kukula ndi kupindika.Kulephera kwachitsulo chachitsulo kungapangitse khoma lapamwamba kugwa (zithunzi 6 ndi 7).
Facade - kunja kwa nyumbayo.Zida zachitsulo zopepuka zimapanga chimango cha facade.Pansi pa pulasitala wotchinga madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka chapamwamba.Chitsulo chopepuka chidzataya msanga mphamvu zamapangidwe ndi kukhazikika pamoto.Mpweya wabwino wa chipinda chapamwamba ukhoza kutheka mwa kuswa gypsum sheath m'malo moyika ozimitsa moto padenga.Mphamvu ya pulasitala yakunjayi ndi yofanana ndi pulasitala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'kati mwa makoma a nyumba.Pambuyo poyika gypsum sheath, womanga amapaka Styrofoam® pa pulasitala ndiyeno amavala pulasitala (zithunzi 8, 9).
Padenga pamwamba.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga denga la nyumbayi ndizosavuta kupanga.Choyamba, misomali yachitsulo yokongoletsera ngati Q imalumikizidwa ndi ma joists olimbikitsidwa.Kenako, ikani zinthu zotchinjiriza thovu pa bolodi lokongoletsa ngati Q ndikulikonza pamalopo ndi zomangira.Pambuyo poyika zida zotsekera m'malo mwake, sungani filimu ya rabara kuzinthu zotchinjiriza thovu kuti mumalize pamwamba pa denga.
Kwa madenga otsetsereka, denga lina lomwe mungakumane nalo ndi polystyrene foam insulation, yokutidwa ndi 3/8 inch latex modified konkriti.
Mtundu wachitatu wa denga umakhala ndi zinthu zosanjikiza zokhazikika zokhazikika padenga ladenga.Ndiye phula anamva pepala ndi glued kuti kutchinjiriza wosanjikiza ndi otentha phula.Mwalawu umayikidwa pamwamba padenga kuti ukonze ndikuteteza nembanemba yomva.
Kwa mtundu uwu wa mapangidwe, musaganizire kudula denga.Kutha kugwa ndi mphindi 5 mpaka 10, kotero palibe nthawi yokwanira yopumira denga bwino.Ndi zofunika kuti ventilate chipinda chapamwamba kudzera yopingasa mpweya wabwino (kudutsa kutsogolo kwa nyumbayo) m'malo kuika zigawo zikuluzikulu padenga.Kudula mbali iliyonse ya truss kungayambitse denga lonse kugwa.Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapanelo a denga amatha kugwedezeka pansi pa kulemera kwa mamembala omwe amadula denga, motero amatumiza anthu ku nyumba yamoto.Makampaniwa ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira muzitsulo zowala ndipo akulimbikitsidwa kuti muwachotse padenga pamene mamembala akuwonekera (chithunzi 10).
Kuyimitsidwa kwa denga la aluminiyumu kapena dongosolo lachitsulo la gridi, ndi waya wachitsulo woyimitsidwa padenga.Dongosolo la gridi limathandizira matailosi onse kuti apange denga lomalizidwa.Danga pamwamba pa denga loyimitsidwa limapereka chiopsezo chachikulu kwa ozimitsa moto.Zomwe zimatchedwa "attic" kapena "truss void", zimatha kubisala moto ndi malawi.Malowa akalowa, mpweya wa carbon monoxide ukhoza kuyatsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gululi lonse liwonongeke.Muyenera kuyang'ana malo oyendera alendo mwamsanga moto ukayaka, ndipo ngati motowo waphulika mwadzidzidzi kuchokera padenga, ozimitsa moto onse ayenera kuloledwa kuthawa.Mafoni am'manja otha kuchapitsidwanso anayikidwa pafupi ndi khomo, ndipo ozimitsa moto onse anali atavala zida zonse zolowera.Mawaya amagetsi, zigawo za dongosolo la HVAC ndi mizere ya gasi ndi zina mwazinthu zomanga zomwe zitha kubisika m'malo otchinga.Mapaipi ambiri a gasi amatha kulowa padenga ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsa pamwamba pa nyumba (zithunzi 11 ndi 12).
Masiku ano, zitsulo zazitsulo ndi matabwa zimayikidwa m'nyumba zamitundu yonse, kuchokera ku nyumba zaumwini kupita ku nyumba zapamwamba zaofesi, ndipo chisankho chochotsa ozimitsa moto chikhoza kuwoneka kale pakusintha kwamoto.Nthawi yomanga nyumba ya truss yakhala yotalika mokwanira kotero kuti akuluakulu onse ozimitsa moto ayenera kudziwa momwe nyumba zomwe zilimo zimachitira pakayaka moto ndikuchitapo kanthu.
Kuti akonzekere bwino mabwalo ophatikizika, ayenera kuyamba ndi lingaliro lazomangamanga.Francis L. Brannigan's "Fire Building Structure", kope lachitatu (National Fire Protection Association, 1992) ndi buku la Dunn lasindikizidwa kwa nthawi ndithu, ndipo ndiloyenera kuwerengedwa kwa mamembala onse a bukhu lamoto.
Popeza nthawi zambiri sitikhala ndi nthawi yofunsira akatswiri omanga pamalo oyaka moto, udindo wa IC ndi kulosera za kusintha komwe kudzachitika nyumbayo ikayaka.Ngati ndinu msilikali kapena mukufuna kukhala wapolisi, muyenera kuphunzitsidwa muzomangamanga.
JOHN MILES ndi kapitao wa Dipatimenti Yozimitsa Moto ku New York, wopatsidwa makwerero a 35.M'mbuyomu, adagwira ntchito ngati lieutenant pamakwerero a 35 komanso ozimitsa moto pamakwerero a 34 ndi injini ya 82.(NJ) Dipatimenti ya Moto ndi Dipatimenti ya Moto ya Spring Valley (NY), ndipo ndi mphunzitsi ku Rockland County Fire Training Center ku Pomona, New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ndi msilikali wazaka 33 wazaka za ntchito yozimitsa moto, ndipo anali mkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Moto ya Vail River (NJ).Ali ndi digiri ya master mu kayendetsedwe ka boma ndipo ndi membala wa advisory board a Bergen County (NJ) School of Law and Public Safety.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-26-2021