Kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi opyapyala kumalonjeza kukwaniritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana pantchito yomanga. Kuwonjezera pa ubwino wa chilengedwe cha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma, omangamanga angagwiritse ntchito galasi lopyapyala kuti akwaniritse magawo atsopano a ufulu wa mapangidwe. Kutengera chiphunzitso cha masangweji, magalasi owonda osinthika amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi 3D yosindikizidwa yama cell polima pachimake kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yopepuka.
zinthu zophatikiza. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kuyesa koyesa kupanga kwa digito kwa mapanelo ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi magalasi opangidwa ndi magalasi pogwiritsa ntchito maloboti akumafakitale. Imafotokozera lingaliro lakusintha kwa digito kupita kufakitale, kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka makompyuta (CAD), engineering (CAE), ndi kupanga (CAM). Phunziroli likuwonetsa njira yopangira ma parametric yomwe imathandizira kuphatikiza kosasinthika kwa zida zowunikira digito.
Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi ikuwonetsa kuthekera ndi zovuta zapa digito kupanga mapanelo opangidwa ndi magalasi opyapyala. Zina mwazomwe zimapangidwira ndi mkono wa loboti wamafakitale, monga kupanga mitundu yayikulu yowonjezera, kukonza makina, gluing ndi njira zophatikizira, zikufotokozedwa apa. Pomaliza, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwamakina a mapanelo ophatikizika kwapezedwa kudzera m'maphunziro oyesera ndi manambala ndikuwunika mawonekedwe amakanikidwe a mapanelo ophatikizika pansi pakukweza pamwamba. Lingaliro lonse la kapangidwe ka digito ndi kayendedwe kakapangidwe kazinthu, komanso zotsatira za maphunziro oyesera, zimapereka maziko ophatikiziranso kutanthauzira kwa mawonekedwe ndi njira zowunikira, komanso kuchititsa maphunziro ochuluka amakanika m'maphunziro amtsogolo.
Njira zopangira digito zimatilola kupititsa patsogolo kupanga posintha njira zachikhalidwe ndikupereka njira zatsopano zopangira [1]. Njira zomangira zachikhalidwe zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zida mopitilira muyeso malinga ndi mtengo, geometry yoyambira, komanso chitetezo. Mwa kusuntha zomanga kumafakitale, pogwiritsa ntchito ma modular prefabrication ndi ma robotics kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zatsopano zopangira, zida zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera popanda kuwononga chitetezo. Kupanga kwa digito kumatithandiza kukulitsa malingaliro athu opangira kuti tipange mitundu yosiyana siyana, yogwira mtima komanso yofuna kupanga ma geometric. Ngakhale njira zopangira ndi kuwerengera zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta, kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsa kumachitidwabe ndi manja mwachizoloŵezi. Kuti muthane ndi zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zopanda mawonekedwe, njira zopangira digito zikukhala zofunika kwambiri. Chikhumbo chaufulu ndi kusinthasintha kwa mapangidwe, makamaka pankhani ya ma facade, ikukula mosalekeza. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, mawonekedwe amtundu waulere amakulolani kuti mupange zomangira zogwira mtima, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba zotsatira [2]. Kuonjezera apo, kuthekera kwakukulu kwa njira zopangira digito kumadalira luso lawo komanso kuthekera kokonza mapangidwe.
Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa momwe ukadaulo wa digito ungagwiritsire ntchito kupanga ndi kupanga gulu lopangidwa mwaluso lopangidwa ndi polima core komanso mapanelo owonda agalasi akunja. Kuphatikiza pa luso lamakono la zomangamanga lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi opyapyala, njira za chilengedwe ndi zachuma zakhala zikulimbikitsanso kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa pomanga envelopu yomanga. Ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kusowa kwazinthu komanso kukwera kwamitengo yamagetsi m'tsogolomu, galasi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru. Kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi opyapyala osakwana 2 mm wandiweyani kuchokera kumakampani amagetsi kumapangitsa kuti façade ikhale yopepuka komanso imachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa magalasi opyapyala, amatsegula mwayi watsopano wogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga ndipo nthawi yomweyo amabweretsa zovuta zatsopano zaumisiri [3,4,5,6]. Ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulojekiti a facade pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi opyapyala ndikochepa, magalasi opyapyala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo waukadaulo ndi maphunziro a zomangamanga. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwakukulu kwa magalasi opyapyala kuti asinthe zotanuka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pamawonekedwe kumafunikira njira zolimbikitsira [7]. Kuphatikiza pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nembanemba chifukwa cha geometry yokhotakhota [8], mphindi ya inertia imatha kuonjezedwanso ndi ma multilayer opangidwa ndi polima pachimake ndi pepala lopaka galasi lopyapyala lakunja. Njirayi yawonetsa kudalirika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito phata lolimba lowoneka bwino la polycarbonate, lomwe ndi locheperako kuposa galasi. Kuphatikiza pakuchita bwino kwamakina, njira zowonjezera zachitetezo zidakwaniritsidwa [9].
Njira yomwe ili muphunziro lotsatirali imachokera ku lingaliro lomwelo, koma pogwiritsa ntchito chowonjezera chopangidwa ndi pore translucent core. Izi zimatsimikizira ufulu wapamwamba wa geometric ndi kuthekera kwa mapangidwe, komanso kuphatikiza kwa magwiridwe antchito a nyumbayo [10]. Mapanelo ophatikizika otere atsimikizira kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pakuyesa kwamakina [11] ndikulonjeza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 80%. Izi sizidzangochepetsa zomwe zimafunikira, komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri kulemera kwa mapanelo, potero kuonjezera mphamvu ya gawoli. Koma zomangamanga zatsopano zimafuna njira zatsopano zopangira. Zomangamanga zoyenera zimafuna njira zopangira zopangira. Mapangidwe a digito amathandizira kupanga digito. Nkhaniyi ikupitilira kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wa wolemba popereka kafukufuku wa digito yopanga mapanelo opangidwa ndi magalasi opyapyala a maloboti amakampani. Cholinga chake ndikuyika ma digito pamafayilo kupita kufakitale kwa ma prototypes akulu akulu kuti awonjezere makina opanga.
Gulu lophatikizika (Chithunzi 1) lili ndi zokutira ziwiri zopyapyala zamagalasi zokulungidwa pakati pa AM polima pakati. Magawo awiriwa amalumikizidwa ndi guluu. Cholinga cha mapangidwe awa ndikugawa katundu pa gawo lonse mogwira mtima momwe mungathere. Nthawi zopindika zimapanga kupsinjika kwabwinobwino mu chipolopolo. Mphamvu zam'mbali zimayambitsa kumeta ubweya m'malo olumikizirana mafupa.
Mbali yakunja ya kapangidwe ka sangweji imapangidwa ndi galasi lopyapyala. M'malo mwake, galasi la silicate la soda lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi makulidwe a chandamale <2 mm, kutentha kwamafuta kumafikira malire aukadaulo omwe alipo. Magalasi olimba a aluminosilicate opangidwa ndi mankhwala amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi oyenera makamaka ngati mphamvu yapamwamba ikufunika chifukwa cha mapangidwe (mwachitsanzo mapanelo ozizira) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito [12]. Kutumiza kwa kuwala ndi ntchito zoteteza chilengedwe zidzaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zabwino zamakina monga kukana kukanda bwino komanso modulus yocheperako ya Young poyerekeza ndi zida zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzophatikiza. Chifukwa cha kukula kochepa komwe kulipo kwa galasi lopyapyala lopangidwa ndi mankhwala, mapanelo agalasi la soda-laimu wonyezimira kwambiri wa 3 mm adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chithunzi choyambirira chachikulu.
Chothandizira chothandizira chimatengedwa ngati gawo lopangidwa ndi gulu lamagulu. Pafupifupi zikhumbo zonse zimakhudzidwa nazo. Chifukwa cha njira yopangira zowonjezera, imakhalanso pakati pa njira yopanga digito. Thermoplastics amakonzedwa ndi kusakaniza. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito ma polima ambiri osiyanasiyana pazinthu zinazake. Topology ya zinthu zazikuluzikulu zitha kupangidwa ndi kutsindika kosiyanasiyana kutengera ntchito yawo. Pachifukwa ichi, mapangidwe a mawonekedwe atha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi otsatirawa: kamangidwe kameneka, kamangidwe kameneka, kamangidwe kameneka, kamangidwe kameneka, kamangidwe kake. Gulu lirilonse likhoza kukhala ndi zolinga zosiyana, zomwe zingayambitse topologies zosiyanasiyana.
Pakufufuza koyambirira, zina mwazojambula zazikulu zidayesedwa kuti ziwonekere zomwe zidapangidwa [11]. Kuchokera pamawonekedwe amakina, gawo lapakati pazaka zitatu pa gyroscope ndilothandiza kwambiri. Izi zimapereka mkulu mawotchi kukana kupindana pa mowa ndi otsika zinthu. Kuphatikiza pa ma cell a ma cell omwe amapangidwanso kumadera akumtunda, topology imatha kupangidwanso ndi njira zina zopezera mawonekedwe. Kupanga mzere wa kupsinjika ndi imodzi mwa njira zotheka zolimbikitsira kuuma pamlingo wotsika kwambiri [13]. Komabe, mawonekedwe a zisa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga masangweji, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati poyambira kupanga mzere wopangira. Fomu yofunikirayi imabweretsa kupita patsogolo kwachangu pantchito yopanga, makamaka kudzera pamapulogalamu osavuta a zida. Makhalidwe ake pamapanelo ophatikizika adaphunziridwa mozama [14, 15, 16] ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatha kusinthidwa m'njira zambiri kudzera mu parameterization ndipo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pamalingaliro oyambira okhathamiritsa.
Pali ma polima ambiri a thermoplastic omwe muyenera kuwaganizira posankha polima, kutengera njira yotulutsa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Maphunziro oyambilira a zida zazing'ono achepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma polima omwe amawonedwa kuti ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamafacade [11]. Polycarbonate (PC) ikulonjeza chifukwa cha kukana kwake kutentha, kukana kwa UV komanso kusasunthika kwakukulu. Chifukwa ndalama zina luso ndi ndalama zofunika pokonza polycarbonate, ethylene glycol kusinthidwa polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) ntchito kubala prototypes woyamba. Ndikosavuta kukonza pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi chiopsezo chochepa cha kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndi kupunduka kwa chigawocho. The prototype akusonyeza apa amapangidwa zobwezerezedwanso PETG wotchedwa PIPG. Zinthuzo zidawumitsidwa poyamba pa 60 ° C kwa osachepera 4 h ndikusinthidwa kukhala ma granules okhala ndi galasi la 20% [17].
Zomatira zimapereka mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa kapangidwe ka polima pakati ndi chivindikiro chopyapyala chagalasi. Pamene mapanelo ophatikizika akugonjetsedwa ndi katundu wopindika, zomatirazo zimakhudzidwa ndi kumeta ubweya. Choncho, zomatira zolimba zimakondedwa ndipo zimatha kuchepetsa kupotoza. Zomatira zomveka bwino zimathandizanso kupereka mawonekedwe apamwamba akamangiriridwa pagalasi loyera. Chinthu chinanso chofunikira posankha zomatira ndikupanga ndikuphatikizana ndi njira zopangira zokha. Apa zomatira zochizira za UV zokhala ndi nthawi zosinthika zochiritsira zimatha kupangitsa kuti zigawo zovundikira zikhale zosavuta. Kutengera kuyesedwa koyambirira, zomatira zingapo zidayesedwa kuti zikuyenera kukhala ndi mapanelo opangira magalasi opyapyala [18]. Loctite® AA 3345™ UV curable acrylate [19] yakhala yoyenera kwambiri panjira zotsatirazi.
Kuti agwiritse ntchito mwayi wopanga zowonjezera komanso kusinthasintha kwa galasi lopyapyala, njira yonseyi idapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito pa digito ndi parametrically. Grasshopper imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe owonera, kupewa kulumikizana pakati pa mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Maphunziro onse (uinjiniya, uinjiniya ndi kupanga) azithandizira ndikuthandizirana mufayilo imodzi ndi mayankho achindunji kuchokera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Pa nthawiyi ya phunziroli, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kakadalipobe ndipo ikutsatira ndondomeko yomwe yasonyezedwa mu Chithunzi 2. Zolinga zosiyanasiyana zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu mkati mwa maphunziro.
Ngakhale kupanga mapanelo a masangweji mu pepalali kumangopangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ndikukonzekera kupanga, kuphatikiza ndi kutsimikizira kwa zida zaumisiri payekha sikunakwaniritsidwe kwathunthu. Kutengera mawonekedwe a parametric a geometry ya facade, ndizotheka kupanga chipolopolo chakunja chanyumbayo pamtunda waukulu (mawonekedwe) ndi meso (mapanelo akunja). Mu sitepe yachiwiri, ndondomeko ya ndemanga za uinjiniya ikufuna kuyesa chitetezo ndi kuyenerera komanso kuthekera kwa kupanga khoma lotchinga. Pomaliza, mapanelo omwe amabwera ndi okonzeka kupanga digito. Pulogalamuyi imayang'anira kapangidwe kake komwe kamapangidwa mu G-code yowerengeka pamakina ndikuikonzekeretsa kuti ipange zowonjezera, kuchotsera pambuyo pokonza ndi kumangiriza magalasi.
Njira yopangira mapangidwe imaganiziridwa pazigawo ziwiri zosiyana. Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti mawonekedwe a macro a facades amakhudza geometry ya gulu lililonse lamagulu, topology ya pachimake ingathenso kupangidwa pamlingo wa meso. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha parametric façade, mawonekedwe ndi maonekedwe angakhudzidwe ndi zigawo za façade za chitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito slider zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3. Choncho, malo onsewa amakhala ndi malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amatha kusokonezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zokopa ndi kusinthidwa ndi kufotokoza zochepa komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa deformation. Izi zimapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakupanga maenvulopu omanga. Komabe, digiri yaufuluyi imakhala ndi malire ndi zovuta zaukadaulo ndi zopanga, zomwe zimaseweredwa ndi ma algorithms mu gawo la engineering.
Kuphatikiza pa kutalika ndi m'lifupi mwa façade yonse, kugawanika kwa mapepala a facade kumatsimikiziridwa. Ponena za mapanelo amtundu wa munthu aliyense, amatha kufotokozedwa bwino kwambiri pamlingo wa meso. Izi zimakhudza topology ya kapangidwe kapakati pawokha, komanso makulidwe a galasi. Zosintha ziwirizi, komanso kukula kwa gululo, zimakhala ndi ubale wofunikira ndi makina opangira makina. Mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha mulingo wonse wa macro ndi meso amatha kuchitidwa motengera kukhathamiritsa m'magulu anayi a kapangidwe, ntchito, kukongola ndi kapangidwe kazinthu. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kukulitsa mawonekedwe onse a envelopu yomangayo poika patsogolo maderawa.
Pulojekitiyi imathandizidwa ndi gawo la uinjiniya pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana. Kuti izi zitheke, zolinga ndi malire amatanthauzidwa m'gulu lokonzekera bwino lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi 2. Amapereka makonde omwe ali otheka mwaukadaulo, omveka bwino, komanso otetezeka kuti amange kuchokera kuukadaulo, womwe umakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe. Apa ndiye poyambira zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zitha kuphatikizidwa mwachindunji ku Grasshopper. Pakufufuza kwina, zida zamakina zitha kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Finite Element Analysis (FEM) kapenanso kuwerengera.
Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a ma radiation a solar, kusanthula kwa mawonekedwe, ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi yadzuwa amatha kuwunika momwe mapanelo ophatikizika amagwirira ntchito pazachilengedwe. Ndikofunika kuti musachepetse kwambiri liwiro, mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwa mapangidwe apangidwe. Momwemonso, zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa pano zapangidwa kuti zipereke chitsogozo chowonjezera ndi chithandizo ku ndondomeko yopangira mapangidwe ndipo sizilowa m'malo mwa kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane ndi kulungamitsidwa kumapeto kwa ndondomeko yokonza. Dongosolo labwinoli limayala maziko a kafukufuku wina wamagulu pazotsatira zotsimikizika. Mwachitsanzo, ndi zochepa zomwe zimadziwikabe za machitidwe amakina a mapanelo ophatikizika pansi pa katundu wosiyanasiyana komanso kuthandizira.
Kapangidwe ndi uinjiniya zikatha, mtunduwo umakhala wokonzeka kupanga digito. Njira yopanga imagawidwa m'magulu anayi (mkuyu 4). Choyamba, kapangidwe kake kanapangidwa mowonjezerapo pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D a robotic. Pamwamba pake amaphwanyidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina a robotic omwewo kuti apititse patsogolo khalidwe lofunika kuti likhale logwirizana. Pambuyo pa mphero, zomatirazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira dongosolo lachikatikati pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira dosing yomwe imayikidwa pamtundu womwewo wa robotic womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza ndi mphero. Pomaliza, galasi imayikidwa ndikuyikidwa musanayambe kuchiritsa kwa UV kwa olowa.
Pakupanga zowonjezera, kutanthauzira kwapamwamba kwa kapangidwe kameneka kayenera kumasuliridwa muchilankhulo cha makina a CNC (GCode). Pazotsatira zofananira komanso zapamwamba, cholinga chake ndikusindikiza wosanjikiza uliwonse popanda nozzle ya extruder kugwa. Izi zimalepheretsa kupanikizika kosafunikira kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa kayendetsedwe kake. Chifukwa chake, script yopitilira trajectory generation idalembedwa pama cell omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zidzapanga parametric mosalekeza polyline ndi chiyambi ndi mapeto omwewo mfundo, amene amazolowera osankhidwa gulu kukula, chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa zisa monga pa kapangidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, magawo monga kukula kwa mzere ndi kutalika kwa mzere amatha kufotokozedwa musanayambe kuyika mizere kuti mukwaniritse kutalika kofunikira kwa kapangidwe kake. Chotsatira mu script ndikulemba malamulo a G-code.
Izi zimachitika pojambulitsa zolumikizira za mfundo iliyonse pamzere ndi zambiri zamakina monga nkhwangwa zina zofunika pakuyika ndikuwongolera voliyumu ya extrusion. Zotsatira za G-code zitha kusamutsidwa kumakina opanga. Mu chitsanzo ichi, mkono wa robot wa Comau NJ165 pa njanji yozungulira umagwiritsidwa ntchito kulamulira CEAD E25 extruder malinga ndi G-code (Chithunzi 5). Woyamba chitsanzo ntchito pambuyo mafakitale PETG ndi galasi CHIKWANGWANI zili 20%. Pankhani ya kuyezetsa kwamakina, kukula kwa chandamale kuli pafupi ndi kukula kwa mafakitale omanga, kotero miyeso ya chinthu chachikulu ndi 1983 × 876 mm ndi 6 × 4 ma cell zisa. 6 mm ndi 2 mm kutalika.
Kuyesa koyambirira kwawonetsa kuti pali kusiyana kwa mphamvu zomatira pakati pa zomatira ndi utomoni wosindikiza wa 3D kutengera mawonekedwe ake. Kuti muchite izi, zitsanzo zoyesera zopangira zowonjezera zimakutidwa kapena zimakutidwa pagalasi ndipo zimavutitsidwa kapena kumeta ubweya. Pa koyambirira makina processing wa polima padziko ndi mphero, mphamvu kuchuluka kwambiri (mkuyu. 6). Kuphatikiza apo, imathandizira kukhazikika kwapakati ndikuletsa zolakwika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kutulutsa kopitilira muyeso. UV chochizika LOCTITE® AA 3345™ [19] acrylate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pano imakhudzidwa ndi momwe zinthu ziliri.
Izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kupatuka kwapamwamba kwa zitsanzo za mayeso a bond. Pambuyo popanga zowonjezera, maziko ake adapangidwa pa makina opangira mbiri. G-code yofunikira kuti ntchitoyi ichitike imangopangidwa kuchokera kunjira zopangira zida zosindikizira za 3D. Mapangidwe apakati amayenera kusindikizidwa mokwera pang'ono kuposa kutalika komwe akufunira. Mu chitsanzo ichi, 18 mm wandiweyani core kapangidwe watsitsidwa 14 mm.
Gawo ili lazinthu zopangira ndizovuta kwambiri pakupanga makina. Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira kumapangitsa kuti makina azikhala olondola komanso olondola. Dongosolo la ma pneumatic dosing limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zomatira pagawo lapakati. Imatsogoleredwa ndi loboti yomwe ili pamtunda wa mphero motsatira njira yodziwika ya chida. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kusintha nsonga yachikhalidwe yoperekera ndi burashi ndikopindulitsa kwambiri. Izi zimalola zomatira zotsika kukhuthala kuti ziperekedwe mofanana ndi voliyumu. Ndalamayi imatsimikiziridwa ndi kupanikizika kwa dongosolo ndi liwiro la robot. Kuti mukhale olondola kwambiri komanso ogwirizana kwambiri, maulendo otsika a 200 mpaka 800 mm/min amakondedwa.
Acrylate yokhala ndi mamasukidwe apakati a 1500 mPa * s idayikidwa pakhoma la polima pachimake 6 mm mulifupi pogwiritsa ntchito burashi ya dosing yokhala ndi mainchesi amkati a 0.84 mm ndi burashi m'lifupi mwake 5 pakukakamiza koyikidwa kwa 0.3 mpaka 0.6 mbar. mm. Zomatirazo zimafalikira pamwamba pa gawo lapansi ndipo zimapanga 1 mm wandiweyani wosanjikiza chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa pamwamba. Kutsimikiza kwenikweni kwa makulidwe a zomatira sikungadziwikebe. Kutalika kwa ndondomekoyi ndilofunika kwambiri posankha zomatira. Mapangidwe apakati omwe amapangidwa pano ali ndi kutalika kwa 26 m motero nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito 30 mpaka 60 mphindi.
Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira, yikani zenera lowala kawiri m'malo mwake. Chifukwa cha makulidwe otsika a zinthu, galasi lopyapyala lapunduka kale ndi kulemera kwake ndipo liyenera kuyikidwa mofanana momwe lingathere. Pazifukwa izi, makapu oyamwa magalasi a pneumatic okhala ndi makapu omwaza omwaza nthawi amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imayikidwa pa chigawocho pogwiritsa ntchito crane, ndipo m'tsogolomu ikhoza kuikidwa mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito maloboti. Magalasi mbale anayikidwa kufanana pamwamba pa pachimake pa zomatira wosanjikiza. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwake, mbale yowonjezera ya galasi (4 mpaka 6 mm wandiweyani) imawonjezera kupanikizika.
Chotsatiracho chiyenera kukhala kunyowetsa kwathunthu kwa galasi pamwamba pamtundu wapakati, monga momwe tingawerengere poyang'ana koyamba kwa maonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ingakhalenso ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa khalidwe la mgwirizano womaliza. Akamangika, magalasi a galasi sayenera kusunthidwa chifukwa izi zidzapangitsa kuti zotsalira zowoneka bwino pagalasi ndi zolakwika muzitsulo zenizeni zomatira. Pomaliza, zomatirazo zimachiritsidwa ndi ma radiation a UV pamtunda wa 365 nm. Kuti muchite izi, nyali ya UV yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 6 mW/cm2 imadutsa pang'onopang'ono pamwamba pa zomatira zonse kwa 60 s.
Lingaliro la mapanelo opepuka komanso osinthika omwe amapangidwa ndi magalasi opyapyala okhala ndi ma polima opangidwa mowonjezera omwe akukambidwa apa apangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pama façade amtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, mapanelo ophatikizika amayenera kutsata miyezo yoyenera ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira pazigawo zochepetsera ntchito (SLS), zigawo zomaliza zamphamvu (ULS) ndi zofunikira zachitetezo. Chifukwa chake, mapanelo ophatikizika ayenera kukhala otetezeka, olimba, ndi owuma mokwanira kuti athe kupirira katundu (monga katundu wapamtunda) popanda kusweka kapena kupunduka kwambiri. Kuti mufufuze kuyankha kwamakina a mapanelo opangidwa ndi magalasi opyapyala omwe adapangidwa kale (monga momwe tafotokozera m'gawo la Mechanical Testing), adayesedwa ndi mphepo monga momwe tafotokozera m'ndime yotsatira.
Cholinga cha kuyezetsa thupi ndi kuphunzira mawonekedwe amakina a mapanelo ophatikizika a makoma akunja pansi pa katundu wamphepo. Kuti izi zitheke, mapanelo ophatikizika okhala ndi 3 mm wandiweyani wodzaza galasi lakunja lakunja ndi 14 mm wandiweyani wowonjezera wopangidwa ndi core (kuchokera ku PIPG-GF20) adapangidwa monga tafotokozera pamwambapa pogwiritsa ntchito zomatira za Henkel Loctite AA 3345 (Mkuyu 7 kumanzere). )). . Kenako mapanelo ophatikizikawo amamangiriridwa pamtengo wothandizira matabwa ndi zomangira zachitsulo zomwe zimayendetsedwa pamtengowo ndi m'mbali mwachinyumba chachikulu. Zomangira za 30 zinayikidwa mozungulira kuzungulira kwa gululo (onani mzere wakuda kumanzere mumkuyu 7) kuti muberekenso mikhalidwe yothandizira yozungulira kuzungulira mozungulira momwe mungathere.
Kenako chimango choyesera chinasindikizidwa pakhoma lakunja loyesera pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphepo kapena kuyamwa kwamphepo kumbuyo kwa gulu lophatikizika (Chithunzi 7, pamwamba kumanja). Digital correlation system (DIC) imagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba deta. Kuti muchite izi, galasi lakunja la gulu lophatikizika limakutidwa ndi pepala lopyapyala losindikizidwa ndi phokoso la phokoso la ngale (mkuyu 7, pansi kumanja). DIC imagwiritsa ntchito makamera awiri kuti ijambule momwe amayezera malo onse pagalasi lonse. Zithunzi ziwiri pa sekondi imodzi zinajambulidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pounika. Kupanikizika m'chipindamo, mozunguliridwa ndi mapanelo ophatikizika, kumawonjezeka ndi fani mu 1000 Pa increments mpaka pamtengo wapatali wa 4000 Pa, kotero kuti mlingo uliwonse wa katundu usungidwe kwa masekondi a 10.
Kukonzekera kwakuthupi kwakuyesera kumayimiridwanso ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chokhala ndi miyeso yofanana ya geometric. Pachifukwa ichi, pulogalamu ya manambala Ansys Mechanical imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mapangidwe apakati anali ma mesh a geometric pogwiritsa ntchito SOLID 185 hexagonal element yokhala ndi mbali 20 mm ya galasi ndi SOLID 187 tetrahedral element yokhala ndi mbali 3 mm. Kuti muchepetse kufanizitsa, panthawiyi ya phunziroli, akuganiziridwa apa kuti acrylate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yolimba komanso yopyapyala, ndipo imatanthauzidwa ngati mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa galasi ndi zinthu zapakati.
Mapulogalamu ophatikizika amakonzedwa molunjika kunja kwa pachimake, ndipo galasi la galasi limakhala ndi mphamvu ya 4000 Pa. kuphunzira. Ngakhale iyi ndi lingaliro lovomerezeka la kuyankha kwagalasi (E = 70,000 MPa), malinga ndi pepala la wopanga (viscoelastic) polymeric core material [17], kuuma kwa mzere E = 8245 MPa kunagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kusanthula kwamakono kuyenera kuganiziridwa mozama ndipo kudzaphunziridwa mu kafukufuku wamtsogolo.
Zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa apa zimawunikidwa makamaka chifukwa cha kupunduka kwamphamvu kwa mphepo mpaka 4000 Pa (= ˆ 4kN/m2). Kwa ichi, zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi njira ya DIC zinafaniziridwa ndi zotsatira za kuyerekezera kwa chiwerengero (FEM) (Mkuyu 8, pansi kumanja). Ngakhale kuchuluka kokwanira kwa 0 mm kokhala ndi "zabwino" zothandizira mzere m'mphepete (ie, perimeter yozungulira) imawerengedwa mu FEM, kusamutsidwa kwa chigawo chakumphepete kuyenera kuganiziridwa powunika DIC. Ichi ndi chifukwa unsembe kulolerana ndi mapindikidwe a chimango mayeso ndi zisindikizo zake. Poyerekeza, kusuntha kwapakati pamphepete mwa nyanja (kuphwanyidwa mzere woyera mu Chithunzi 8) kunachotsedwa kuchoka pamtunda waukulu pakati pa gululo. Kusamuka komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi DIC ndi FEA akuyerekezedwa mu Table 1 ndipo akuwonetsedwa mu ngodya yakumanzere ya mkuyu 8.
Miyezo inayi yolemetsa yachitsanzo yoyesera idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowongolera zowunikira ndikuwunikidwa mu FEM. Kusamuka kwakukulu kwapakati kwa mbale yophatikizika m'malo otsitsidwa kudatsimikiziridwa ndi miyeso ya DIC pamlingo wolemetsa wa 4000 Pa pa 2.18 mm. Ngakhale kusamuka kwa FEA pa katundu wocheperako (mpaka 2000 Pa) kungathebe kutulutsa zoyesera molondola, kuwonjezeka kopanda mzere wa zovuta pa katundu wapamwamba sikungathe kuwerengedwa molondola.
Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mapanelo amagulu amatha kupirira mphepo yamkuntho. Kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa mapanelo opepuka kumawonekera makamaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe owerengera kutengera chiphunzitso chofananira cha mbale za Kirchhoff [20], kupindika kwa 2.18 mm pa 4000 Pa kumafanana ndi kupindika kwa mbale imodzi yamagalasi 12 mm wandiweyani pansi pazikhalidwe zomwezo. Zotsatira zake, makulidwe a galasi (omwe amapangira mphamvu zambiri) mu gulu lophatikizikali amatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala galasi la 2 x 3mm, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zipulumuke 50%. Kuchepetsa kulemera kwa gululi kumapereka zowonjezera zowonjezera pokhudzana ndi msonkhano. Ngakhale gulu lophatikizika la 30 kg limatha kugwiridwa ndi anthu awiri, gulu lagalasi lakale la 50 kg limafunikira thandizo laukadaulo kuti liyende bwino. Kuti muyimire molondola machitidwe amakina, zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za manambala zidzafunika m'maphunziro amtsogolo. Kusanthula kwazinthu zomaliza kumatha kukulitsidwanso ndi mitundu yochulukirapo yazinthu zopanda mzere zama polima ndi ma modeling omatira.
Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukonza njira za digito zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukweza chuma ndi chilengedwe pantchito yomanga. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi opyapyala pamafacade kumalonjeza kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi zida ndikutsegula mwayi watsopano womanga. Komabe, chifukwa cha makulidwe ang'onoang'ono a galasi, njira zatsopano zopangira magalasi zimafunika kuti zitsimikizire mokwanira galasilo. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku yemwe waperekedwa m'nkhaniyi akuwunika lingaliro la mapanelo ophatikizika opangidwa kuchokera ku magalasi opyapyala komanso omangika a 3D osindikizidwa a polima core. Njira yonse yopangira kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kupanga idapangidwa pakompyuta komanso makina. Mothandizidwa ndi Grasshopper, njira yosinthira mafayilo kupita ku fakitale idapangidwa kuti izitha kugwiritsa ntchito mapanelo opangira magalasi opyapyala m'ma façade amtsogolo.
Kupanga kwachiwonetsero choyamba kunawonetsa kuthekera komanso zovuta zakupanga ma robotiki. Ngakhale kupanga zowonjezera ndi zochepetsera zaphatikizika kale, kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira ndi zomata zokhazikika makamaka kumabweretsa zovuta zina zomwe zikuyenera kuthana ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo. Kupyolera mu kuyesa koyambirira kwamakina komanso kufananiza kofananira ndi zinthu zofananira, zawonetsedwa kuti mapanelo opepuka komanso opyapyala a fiberglass amapereka kuuma kokwanira kwa ma façade omwe akufuna, ngakhale pakakhala mphepo yamkuntho. Kafukufuku wopitilira wa olembawo awunikiranso kuthekera kwa mapanelo opangidwa ndi magalasi opyapyala opangidwa ndi digito kuti agwiritse ntchito ma façade ndikuwonetsa mphamvu zake.
Olembawa akufuna kuthokoza onse othandizira omwe akugwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu. Chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya ndalama za EFRE SAB zothandizidwa ndi ndalama za European Union monga chithandizo No. 100537005. Kuonjezera apo, AiF-ZIM inazindikiridwa kuti ikuthandizira polojekiti ya kafukufuku ya Glasfur3D (nambala ya chithandizo ZF4123725WZ9) mogwirizana ndi Glaswerkstätten Glas Ahne, yomwe inapereka chithandizo chachikulu pa ntchitoyi. Pomaliza, Friedrich Siemens Laboratory ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, makamaka Felix Hegewald ndi wothandizira wophunzira Jonathan Holzerr, amavomereza chithandizo chaumisiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga ndi kuyesa thupi komwe kunapanga maziko a pepalali.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-04-2023