Polengeza zamphamvu zongowonjezera mphamvu sabata ino, oyang'anira a Biden adawunikira sitima yomwe ikumangidwa ku Brownsville ngati umboni wa mwayi wobiriwira.
M'mphepete mwa Brownsville Channel komanso ku Gulf of Mexico monga pobowola, m'modzi mwa opanga zazikulu kwambiri zopangira mafuta akunyanja ku Gulf Coast adatembenuza maekala 180 a dothi kukhala mgodi weniweni wa golide. Malo osungiramo zombozo ali ndi nyumba zokwana 43, kuphatikizapo nyumba zochitira misonkhano 7 zazikulu, kumene ntchentche zowotcherera zimawulukira, ndipo nyundo za mpweya zimaphulika mkati mwake, kuchenjeza molimba mtima kuti zolakwika zilizonse zingayambitse kulemala. Chizindikiro. Chitsulo chakumbuyo kwa zitsulo zolemera matani atatu chinalowetsedwa ku mbali ina ya fakitale. Kumapeto ena, monga zoseweretsa zovuta zochokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito a Santa, kugubuduza ena mwa makina olemera kwambiri komanso otsogola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Pakukula kwa mafuta kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100, malo osungiramo zombo anapitirizabe kupanga "zobowola jack-up." Mapulatifomu a m'mphepete mwa nyanjawa ndi okwera kwambiri ngati ma skyscrapers ndipo amachotsa mafuta pamtunda wamakilomita ambiri pansi panyanja, iliyonse ikugulitsidwa pafupifupi $250 miliyoni. Zaka zisanu zapitazo, chilombo cha nsanjika 21 chinabadwa pabwalo, chotchedwa Krechet, chomwe chinali malo aakulu kwambiri opangira mafuta m'mbiri. Koma Krechet-"gyrfalcon" m'Chirasha, mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa falcon komanso wodya nyama ku Arctic tundra-watsimikizira kuti ndi dinosaur. Tsopano kuchotsa mafuta a ExxonMobil yochokera ku Irving ndi othandizana nawo pachilumba cha Sakhalin pafupi ndi Russia, ichi chikhoza kukhala chomaliza chopangira mafuta oterowo kumangidwa ndi bwalo la zombo.
Masiku ano, panthawi yovuta yomwe ikuwonetsera kusintha kwa makampani a mafuta ndi gasi omwe akufalikira ku Texas ndi dziko lonse lapansi, ogwira ntchito ku Brownsville Shipyard akumanga zombo zamtundu watsopano. Mofanana ndi makina akale opangira mafuta, sitima yapamadzi ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja imeneyi idzayenda mpaka kunyanja, n’kuika miyendo yake yachitsulo yolemera pansi pa nyanja, n’kugwiritsa ntchito m’chiuno mwake kuti ichirikize yokha mpaka itawoloka madzi ankhalwe, ndiyeno, povina. mphamvu ndi kulondola , Makina omwe amagwera mumdima wandiweyani womwe udzalowa m'miyala pansi pa nyanja. Komabe, nthawi ino, zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sitimayo ikufuna kupanga simafuta. Ndi mphepo.
Kampani yopanga magetsi ku Richmond, ku Virginia ya Dominion Energy yomwe idalamula kuti sitimayo igwiritse ntchito poyendetsa milu m'munsi mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Pa msomali uliwonse wautali wa mapazi 100 womizidwa m’madzi, zitsulo zosongoka zitatu ndi magalasi oyendera mphepo zidzaikidwa. Malo ake ozungulira ndi pafupifupi kukula kwa basi ya sukulu ndipo ndi nkhani pafupifupi 27 pamwamba pa mafunde. Iyi ndi sitima yoyamba yoyika makina opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo ku United States. Pamene minda yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja, yomwe imapezekabe ku Ulaya, ikuwonekera mochulukira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya United States, Brownsville Shipyard ikhoza kupanga zombo zofananira.
Kukula uku kudakulirakuliranso pa Marichi 29, pomwe oyang'anira a Biden adalengeza za pulani yatsopano yokulitsa mphamvu yamphepo yaku US kunyanja, yomwe idati iphatikiza mabiliyoni a madola mu ngongole ndi mabungwe aboma, komanso mafamu angapo amphepo omwe akufuna kufulumizitsa njira za Policy. kwa unsembe. Kum'mawa, kumadzulo ndi Gulf Coast ku United States. Ndipotu, chilengezochi chimagwiritsa ntchito sitimayo yomwe inamangidwa ku Brownsville Shipyard monga chitsanzo cha polojekiti ya US yowonjezereka yomwe ikuyembekeza kulimbikitsa. Boma likuti makampani opanga mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja "adzabweretsa kubadwa kwa njira yatsopano yoperekera zinthu yomwe ikufika pamtima pa United States, monga zikuwonetsera matani 10,000 azitsulo zapakhomo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Alabama ndi West Virginia ku zombo za Dominion." Cholinga chatsopanochi ndi chakuti pofika chaka cha 2030, dziko la United States lidzalemba ntchito anthu masauzande ambiri kuti atumize ma megawati 30,000 a mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho. (Megawati imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pafupifupi nyumba 200 ku Texas.) Izi zikadali zosakwana theka la zomwe dziko la China linkayembekezeredwa kukhala nalo panthawiyo, koma ndi lalikulu kwambiri poyerekezera ndi ma megawati 42 a mphamvu yamphepo ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja yomwe yaikidwa ku United States lerolino. Poganizira kuti gawo lamphamvu la US nthawi zambiri limakonzekera kupanga ndalama zazikulu mkati mwazaka makumi angapo, nthawi ya boma idzakhala yofulumira kwambiri.
Kwa Texan aliyense yemwe amakonda kuseka bizinesi yamagetsi yongowonjezedwanso, mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja imapereka chowonadi chosangalatsa. Kuyambira kuchuluka kwa kubetcha mpaka uinjiniya wofunikira, zili ngati mafakitale amafuta, oyenera omwe ali ndi matumba akuya, chikhumbo chachikulu, ndi zida zazikulu. Gulu la ndale, ogwirizana ndi njala yamafuta, molakwika adadzudzula ma turbine amphepo oundana chifukwa chakulephera kwamphamvu kwamagetsi aku Texas munthawi yamphepo yamkuntho ya February. Iwo akutanthauza kuti mafuta otsalira akadali gwero lodalirika la mphamvu. Komabe, makampani ochulukirachulukira amafuta ayenera kuyankha osati kwa andale awo okha komanso kwa omwe ali ndi masheya padziko lonse lapansi. Akuwonetsa kudzera m'mabizinesi awo kuti amawona njira zina zopangira mphamvu ngati gwero la phindu lamakampani, ndipo phindu lamakampani ndi lalikulu kwambiri pamsika wamafuta. Zotsatira za kutsika.
Makampani ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi malo osungiramo zombo za Brownsville komanso makampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe amapanga zombo zamphamvu zamphepo ali m'gulu la makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi amafuta amafuta. Makampani onsewa anali ndi ndalama zoposa $ 6 biliyoni chaka chatha; onsewo adataya kwambiri pakugulitsa uku; onsewa adafuna kutsata msika wamagetsi osinthika. Vuto la mafuta ndi lalikulu. Chimodzi mwazifukwa ndikugwedezeka kwakanthawi kochepa kwa COVID-19, komwe kwachepetsa zochitika zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Makamaka, kukula komwe kukuwoneka ngati kosaletseka kwa kufunikira kwa mafuta m'zaka zana zapitazi kukutha pang'onopang'ono. Kuonjezera chidwi cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa teknoloji yoyera - kuchokera ku magalimoto amagetsi kupita ku nyumba zoyendetsedwa ndi mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa - zayambitsa kusintha kwa nthawi yaitali kupita ku njira zotsika mtengo komanso zotsika mtengo zopangira mafuta.
George O'Leary, katswiri wofufuza za mphamvu ku Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co., wochokera ku Houston, adanena kuti ngakhale kuti mafuta ndi gasi amabwereranso osauka posachedwa, "ndalama zambiri zikubwera" mu gawo la mphamvu zowonjezera. bank bank. Kampaniyo ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa dziko la chigawo cha mafuta ku Texas-yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri mafuta ndi gasi, koma tsopano ikusintha mwachangu. O'Leary adafanizira chidwi chatsopano cha oyang'anira mafuta aku Texas kuti apeze mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ndi chidwi chawo ndi kukumba mafuta a shale ndi gasi zaka 15 zapitazo; mpaka matekinoloje atsopano amachepetsa mtengo wochotsa, migodi mwala uwu wakhala ukuwoneka ngati wosayenera. chuma. O'Leary anandiuza kuti mafuta ena otsalira "ali ngati shale 2.0."
Keppel ndi gulu lochokera ku Singapore komanso m'modzi mwa opanga zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opanga mafuta. Idagula Brownsville Shipyard ku 1990 ndikupangitsa kukhala maziko a gawo la AmFELS. Kwa zaka zambiri za 30 zotsatira, malo osungiramo zombo ankayenda bwino. Komabe, Keppel adanenanso kuti bizinesi yake yamagetsi idzataya pafupifupi US $ 1 biliyoni mu 2020, makamaka chifukwa cha bizinesi yake yapadziko lonse lapansi yopangira mafuta. Idalengeza kuti poyesa kuletsa kutulutsa kwachuma, ikukonzekera kusiya bizinesiyo ndikuyang'ananso mphamvu zowonjezera. Mkulu wa Keppel a Luo Zhenhua adalumbira m'mawu ake kuti "apange mtsogoleri wosinthika wamakampani ndikukonzekera kusintha kwamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi."
Zosintha zina ndizofunikanso chimodzimodzi za NOV. Behemoth yochokera ku Houston, yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti National Oilwell Varco, idapanga chombo choyika makina opangira magetsi omwe Keppel Shipyard akumanga. NOV ndi amodzi mwamakampani opanga makina akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi amafuta ndi gasi, omwe ali ndi antchito pafupifupi 28,000. Ogwira ntchitowa amwazikana m'mafakitale 573 m'maiko 61 m'makontinenti asanu ndi limodzi, koma pafupifupi kotala laiwo (pafupifupi anthu 6,600) amagwira ntchito ku Texas. Chifukwa cha kutopa kwa kufunikira kwa makina atsopano a petroleum, inanena kuti ndalama zokwana madola 2.5 biliyoni za US mu November chaka chatha. Tsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe wapeza mu gawo la mafuta ndi gasi, kampaniyo ikupanga zombo zisanu zatsopano zoyika makina opangira magetsi omwe akumangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza imodzi ku Brownsville. Ili ndi miyendo ya jack-up ndi ma cranes angapo aiwo, ndipo imasinthidwa kuchoka ku mafuta akunyanja kuti ikhale mphamvu yamphepo yakunyanja. Clay Williams, mkulu wa bungwe la NOV, adanena kuti "mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndizosangalatsa kwa mabungwe pamene minda yamafuta siili yosangalatsa kwambiri". Pamene anati “zosangalatsa” sanali kutanthauza zosangalatsa. Iye ankatanthauza kupanga ndalama.
Chofunika kwambiri ku chuma cha Texas, bizinesi yamagetsi nthawi zambiri imafotokozedwa ngati yogawanika pazipembedzo. Kumbali imodzi, Mafuta Aakulu ndi chitsanzo cha zenizeni zachuma kapena miseche ya chilengedwe-kutengera momwe dziko lanu likuwonera. Kumbali inayi ndi Big Green, wopambana pazachilengedwe kapena zachifundo zoyipa, zimatengera malingaliro anu. Masewerawa akukhala achikale kwambiri. Ndalama, osati zamakhalidwe, mphamvu zopanga mphamvu, kusintha kwachuma kukufotokozeranso momwe mphamvu ikugwirira ntchito ku Texas: kutsika kwamakampani amafuta ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa momwe zakhalira posachedwapa, ndipo kukwera kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumakhala kolimba kuposa mibulu yoyendetsedwa ndi ndalama.
Panthawi ya fiasco ya mkuntho wachisanu mu February, kusiyana kotsalira pakati pa mphamvu zakale ndi mphamvu zatsopano kunawululidwa pamwambowo. Polar vortex yomwe mayiko ena adachita modekha yawononga kwambiri gridi yamagetsi, yomwe yanyalanyazidwa ndi abwanamkubwa angapo, aphungu ndi owongolera kwa zaka khumi. Mkunthowu utawononga nyumba 4.5 miliyoni popanda intaneti, ambiri aiwo adazimitsidwa kwa masiku angapo ndikupha anthu opitilira 100 a Texans. Bwanamkubwa Greg Abbott adauza Fox News kuti "mphepo ndi mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa" zatsekedwa "Izi "zikungosonyeza kuti mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi ofunikira." Jason Isaac, mkulu wa pulojekiti yamagetsi ya Texas Public Policy Foundation, analemba kuti mazikowo ndi malo oganiza bwino omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zoperekedwa ndi magulu ochita chidwi ndi mafuta. Iye analemba kuti, Kuzima kwa magetsi kumasonyeza kuti “kuika mazira ochuluka mumtanga wamagetsi ongowonjezereka kudzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zosaŵerengeka.”
Pafupifupi 95% ya mphamvu zatsopano zomwe zakonzedwa ku Texas ndi mphepo, dzuwa, ndi mabatire. ERCOT ikuneneratu kuti mphamvu yopangira mphamvu yamphepo ikwera ndi 44% chaka chino.
N’zosadabwitsa kuti kwayayo ikudziwa bwino. Kumbali imodzi, palibe amene anganene kuti Texas kapena dziko lapansi posachedwapa lisiya mafuta oyaka. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pamayendedwe kudzachepa m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, atha kukhala nthawi yayitali ngati magwero amphamvu azinthu zamafakitale monga kupanga zitsulo ndi zida zosiyanasiyana kuyambira feteleza kupita ku ma surfboards. Kumbali ina, mitundu yonse ya mphamvu zopangira mphamvu - mphepo, dzuwa, gasi, malasha, ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya - zinalephera panthawi ya mphepo yamkuntho mu February, makamaka chifukwa akuluakulu amphamvu aku Texas sanamvere khumi. fakitale kuti apulumuke m'nyengo yozizira. Kuchokera ku Dakota kupita ku Denmark, ma turbine amphepo ogwirira ntchito ozizira amakhalanso abwino m'malo ozizira kwina. Ngakhale theka la ma turbines onse amphepo pa gridi ya Texas anali ataundana pamasiku owopsawa mu February, makina ambiri opangira mphepo omwe adapitilira kupota adatulutsa magetsi ochulukirapo kuposa Texas Electric Reliability Board Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, bungweli limayang'anira mphamvu zazikulu za boma. grid. Izi zimapanga gawo lalikulu la kupanga gasi lomwe lathetsedwa.
Komabe, kwa omwe amatsutsa njira zina zamafuta, kuti pafupifupi 25% yamagetsi aku Texas mu 2020 adzachokera kumagetsi amphepo ndi mapanelo adzuwa mwanjira ina zikutanthauza kuti kuzimitsa kwa magetsi kuyenera kukhala kowala. Cholakwika cha makina obiriwira omwe amafulumizitsa. Chaka chatha, kupanga magetsi amphepo ku Texas kudapitilira kupanga magetsi a malasha kwa nthawi yoyamba. Malinga ndi ERCOT, pafupifupi 95% ya mphamvu zatsopano zomwe zikukonzekera kudera lonselo ndi mphepo, dzuwa ndi mabatire. Bungweli likulosera kuti mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'boma zitha kukwera ndi 44% chaka chino, pomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zamapulojekiti akuluakulu adzuwa zitha kupitilira katatu.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso kumabweretsa chiwopsezo chenicheni ku zokonda zamafuta. Chimodzi ndicho kukulitsa mpikisano wa kuwolowa manja kwa boma. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zomwe zikuphatikizidwa, ndalama zowerengera mphamvu zothandizira mphamvu zimasiyana kwambiri, koma kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa kwa ndalama zonse zapachaka za US zamafuta amafuta akuchokera ku US $ 20.5 biliyoni mpaka US $ 649 biliyoni. Kwa mphamvu zina, kafukufuku wa federal adawonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha 2016 chinali $ 6.7 biliyoni, ngakhale chinangowerengera thandizo lachindunji la federal. Mosasamala ziwerengero, pendulum yandale ikuchoka ku mafuta ndi gasi. Mu Januware chaka chino, Purezidenti Biden adapereka lamulo loletsa kusintha kwanyengo, lomwe likufuna kuti boma "liwonetsetse kuti, potsatira malamulo omwe akugwira ntchito, ndalama za federal sizipereka mwachindunji mafuta oyaka."
Kutaya thandizo ndi ngozi imodzi yokha yamafuta ndi gasi. Chowopsya kwambiri ndikutayika kwa gawo la msika. Ngakhale makampani opangira mafuta oyaka mafuta omwe asankha kutsata mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso amatha kutayika kwa omwe akupikisana nawo osinthika komanso amphamvu azachuma. Mphepo yoyera ndi makampani oyendera dzuwa akukhala mphamvu zamphamvu, ndipo mtengo wamsika wa zida zazikulu zaukadaulo monga Apple ndi Google tsopano zikucheperachepera pamsika wamakampani omwe ali ndimafuta ambiri.
Komabe, makampani ochulukirachulukira aku Texas akugwiritsa ntchito luso lomwe adapeza mubizinesi yamafuta opangira mafuta kuti ayesetse kukhala ndi mwayi wampikisano pamsika wamagetsi oyera omwe ali ndi mpikisano wowopsa. "Kodi makampani amafuta ndi gasi akuchita chiyani ndikufunsa kuti, 'Kodi timachita chiyani komanso luso lomwe limatithandiza kuchita ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa?" Anatero James West, katswiri wamakampani amafuta ku Evercore ISI, banki yogulitsa ndalama ku New York. Ananenanso kuti "makampani omwe ali mdera lamafuta aku Texas, omwe akulowa m'malo opangira mphamvu zina, ali ndi FOMO." Uku ndikugwedeza mutu kwa madalaivala amphamvu a capitalist omwe akuwopa kusowa mwayi. Pamene ochulukirachulukira ku Texas Petroleum akuloŵa m’chizoloŵezi cha mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, West akulongosola kulingalira kwawo kuti: “Ngati zikugwira ntchito, sitikufuna kukhala munthu wowoneka wopusa m’zaka ziŵiri.”
Pamene makampani amafuta ndi gasi akugwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, Texas imapindula kwambiri. Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku kampani yofufuza mphamvu ya BloombergNEF, mpaka pano chaka chino, gulu la ERCOT lapeza malonda a nthawi yayitali kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu zatsopano zopangira mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa kuposa gululi lina lililonse m'dzikoli. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri, Kyle Harrison, adanena kuti makampani akuluakulu amafuta omwe ali ndi ntchito zambiri ku Texas akugula gawo lalikulu la mphamvu zowonjezera, ndipo makampaniwa akumva kutentha kwambiri kuti achepetse mpweya wawo. Kuonjezera apo, ambiri mwa makampaniwa ali ndi mayina akuluakulu ogwira ntchito, ndipo luso lawo lobowola limagwira ntchito pazinthu zowononga zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi a Jesse Thompson, Texas ili ndi pafupifupi theka la ntchito zopanga mafuta ndi gasi ku US, ndipo pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a ntchito zopanga petrochemical zaku US, zomwe zimakhala ndi "zodabwitsa zaukadaulo, sayansi yazinthu ndi talente ya organic chemistry", katswiri wazachuma pazachuma ku Federal Reserve Bank. ku Dallas ku Houston. "Pali matalente ambiri omwe angasinthidwe."
Kutha kwa magetsi mu February kunawonetsa kuti bizinesi yamafuta opangira mafuta ndi imodzi mwazinthu zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi mwadyera ku Texas. Gawo lalikulu la gasi lachilengedwe la boma lasiya, osati chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa zipangizo zopopera, komanso chifukwa chakuti zipangizo zambiri zomwe sizinali zowonongeka zatha mphamvu. Chilakolako ichi chikutanthauza kuti makampani ambiri amafuta, njira yosavuta yongowonjezwdwanso ndikugula madzi obiriwira kuti apangitse bizinesi yawo ya bulauni. Exxon Mobil ndi Occidental Petroleum asayina mgwirizano wogula magetsi adzuwa kuti athandize mphamvu zake ku Permian Basin. Baker Hughes, kampani yayikulu yopanga mafuta, ikukonzekera kupeza magetsi onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ku Texas kuchokera kumaprojekiti amphepo ndi dzuwa. Dow Chemical inasaina pangano logula magetsi ku fakitale yopangira magetsi adzuwa kum'mwera kwa Texas kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamafuta amafuta pafakitale yake yaku Gulf Coast petrochemical.
Kudzipereka kwakuya kwamakampani amafuta ndikugula magawo amagetsi ongowonjezwdwa-osati kungogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, komanso kubwezera. Monga chizindikiro cha kukhwima kwa njira zina zamagetsi, anthu ambiri ku Wall Street ayamba kuganiza kuti mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndizodalirika kuposa mafuta ndi gasi kulipira ndalama. Mmodzi mwa ochita chidwi kwambiri pa njirayi ndi chimphona chamafuta aku France Total, chomwe chidapeza gawo lowongolera ku California-Solar panel wopanga SunPower zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndi wopanga mabatire aku France Saft, omwe polojekiti yake ikhoza kukhala Taganizirani kuti mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi magetsi. kupanga kudzawerengera 40% ya malonda ake ndi 2050-zowona, iyi ndi nthawi yayitali. Mu February chaka chino, Total idalengeza kuti igula ntchito zinayi m'dera la Houston. Maprojekitiwa ali ndi mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya dzuwa yokwana 2,200 MW komanso mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya batire ya 600 MW. Total idzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosakwana theka la magetsi ake pa ntchito zake ndikugulitsa zina zonse.
Kulitsani kupyola mukufuna kulamulira msika mu Novembala. Tsopano ikugwiritsa ntchito njira yake yopanda malire yowongoleredwa mumafuta ku mphamvu zowonjezera.
Makampani ochita bwino kwambiri amafuta omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano wothamanga wamagetsi sachita zambiri kuposa kungolemba macheke. Akuwunika komwe angagwiritse ntchito bwino luso lawo lochotsa mafuta ndi gasi. NOV ndi Keppel akuyesera kuyikanso izi. Mosiyana ndi opanga mafuta omwe chuma chawo chachikulu ndi ma hydrocarbon okwiriridwa m'miyala yapansi panthaka, makontrakitala apadziko lonse lapansi ali ndi luso, mafakitale, mainjiniya, ndi ndalama zowatumiziranso kugawo lamafuta osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta mosavuta. Katswiri wa Evercore West amatchula makampaniwa ngati "osankha" dziko lamafuta.
NOV ili ngati bulldozer. Zakula chifukwa cha kugulidwa mwaukali komanso zolinga zamakani zolamulira msika. West adanenanso kuti dzina lake lotchulidwira mumakampani ndi "palibe wina wogulitsa" -kutanthauza kuti ngati ndinu wopanga mphamvu, "muli ndi vuto ndi makina anu, muyenera kutchula NOV chifukwa palibe wina wothandizira. "Tsopano, kampaniyo ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zake zopanda malire zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafuta kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zowonjezera.
Pamene ndinalankhula ndi mtsogoleri wa NOV Williams kupyolera mu Zoom, chirichonse chokhudza iye chinapangitsa CEO wa Petroleum kukuwa: malaya ake oyera anali ndi batani pakhosi; tayi yake yabata; tebulo la msonkhano limamugwira Mpata pakati pa desiki lake ndi khoma la mawindo osasokonezeka mu ofesi yake ku Houston; atapachikidwa pachikwama cha mabuku kuseri kwa phewa lake lakumanja, pali zithunzi za anyamata oweta ng'ombe atatu omwe akukwera mu mzinda wamafuta. Popanda cholinga chotuluka mumakampani amafuta mu Novembala, Williams akuyembekeza kuti makampani amafuta azipereka ndalama zake zambiri zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Akuti pofika chaka cha 2021, bizinesi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamakampani idzangopanga ndalama zokwana 200 miliyoni za US, zomwe zimatengera pafupifupi 3% yazogulitsa zomwe zingatheke, pomwe magwero ena ongowonjezwdwanso sangawonjezere chiwerengerochi.
NOV sinatembenukire ku mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso kuchokera ku chikhumbo chofuna kuteteza zachilengedwe komanso zobiriwira. Mosiyana ndi ena opanga mafuta akuluakulu komanso American Petroleum Institute, bungwe lalikulu lazamalonda, silinadzipereka kuti lichepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya, komanso silinagwirizane ndi lingaliro la boma lokhazikitsa mtengo wotulutsa mpweya. Williams amamvera chisoni awo amene chisonkhezero chawo chiri “kusintha dziko,” iye anandiuza ine, koma “monga ma capitalist, tiyenera kubweza ndalama zathu, ndiyeno kubwezeredwa ndalama zina.” Amakhulupirira kuti magwero ena amphamvu-osati mphamvu yamphepo yokha, komanso Pali mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu ya haidrojeni, mphamvu ya geothermal ndi magwero ena angapo amphamvu-ndi msika wawukulu watsopano womwe kukula kwawo ndi mapindu ake kumatha kupitilira kuposa mafuta ndi chilengedwe. gasi. "Ndikuganiza kuti ndi tsogolo la kampaniyo."
Kwa zaka zambiri, NOV, monga ambiri omwe amapikisana nawo pamafuta, yaletsa ntchito zake zongowonjezwdwanso kuukadaulo umodzi: geothermal, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwapansi pansi komwe kumapangidwa mwachilengedwe popangira ma turbines ndikupanga magetsi. Izi zimafanana kwambiri ndi kupanga mafuta: zimafunikira zitsime zoboola kuti zichotse madzi otentha pansi, ndikuyika mapaipi, mita, ndi zida zina zowongolera zakumwazi zomwe zikutuluka pansi. Zogulitsa zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndi NOV kumakampani a geothermal zimaphatikizapo zobowola ndi mapaipi amadzi okhala ndi fiberglass. "Iyi ndi bizinesi yabwino," adatero Williams. "Komabe, poyerekeza ndi bizinesi yathu yopangira mafuta, si yayikulu motero."
Makampani amafuta ndi mgodi wolemera m'zaka 15 zoyambirira zazaka za zana la 21, ndipo kukula kosalamulirika kwachuma cha Asia kwalimbikitsa kukulirakulira kwa kufunikira kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Makamaka pambuyo pa 2006, kuwonjezera pa kuchepa kwachidule pavuto lazachuma padziko lonse la 2008, mitengo yakwera kwambiri. Williams atasankhidwa kukhala CEO wa NOV mu February 2014, mtengo wa mbiya yamafuta unali pafupifupi US$114. Pamene anakumbukira nthaŵi imeneyo m’kukambitsirana kwathu, anachita manyazi ndi chisangalalo. "Ndi zabwino," iye anati, "ndi zabwino."
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe mitengo yamafuta yakhala yokwera kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuti OPEC yathandizira mitengo yamafuta poletsa kupanga poyang'anizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kupanga ku United States. Koma m’chaka cha 2014, mitengo ya mafuta inatsika. OPEC italengeza pamsonkhano mu Novembala kuti ipangitsa kuti magawo ake opopera asasunthike, mitengo yamafuta idatsika kwambiri, kusuntha komwe kudatanthauziridwa mofala ngati kuyesa kuthamangitsa omwe akupikisana nawo aku America.
Pofika chaka cha 2017, mtengo wa mbiya udzakhala pafupifupi US$50. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutchuka kwamphamvu kwa mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa komanso kutsika kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali kwachititsa kuti boma lizilimbikitsa kwambiri kuchepetsa mpweya. Williams adasonkhanitsa akuluakulu a 80 November kuti atenge nawo mbali mu "forum yosinthira mphamvu" kuti adziwe momwe angayendetsere dziko lomwe mwadzidzidzi linakhala losasangalatsa. Anapereka injiniya wamkulu kuti atsogolere gulu kuti liyang'ane mwayi pa msonkhano wa mphamvu zina. Anapatsa akatswiri ena kuti azigwira ntchito za "chinsinsi cha Manhattan project-type" -malingaliro omwe angagwiritse ntchito luso la mafuta ndi gasi la NOV kuti "apange mwayi wopikisana nawo pazamphamvu zoyera."
Ena mwa malingalirowa akugwirabe ntchito. Williams anandiuza kuti imodzi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira minda ya dzuwa. Ndi ndalama zamakampani akuluakulu, minda yoyendera dzuwa ikukulirakulira, kuyambira ku West Texas mpaka ku Middle East. Ananenanso kuti ntchito yomanga nyumbazi nthawi zambiri imakhala "monga projekiti yayikulu kwambiri ya IKEA yomwe aliyense adawonapo". Ngakhale Williams anakana kufotokoza zambiri, NOV ikuyesera kupanga njira yabwinoko. Lingaliro lina ndi njira yatsopano yosungira ammonia-mankhwala a NOV apangidwa kuti apange zida za haidrojeni, monga njira yonyamulira mphamvu zambiri za mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti apange mphamvu, chinthu ichi chikuwonjezeka kwambiri.
NOV ikupitilizabe kuyika ndalama zambiri mu mphamvu yamphepo. Mu 2018, idapeza GustoMSC yomanga yaku Dutch, yomwe ili ndi malo apamwamba pakupanga zombo ndipo imathandizira ku Europe komwe kukukula mphamvu zamagetsi zakunyanja. Mu 2019, NOV idagula mtengo ku Denver-based Keystone Tower Systems. NOV ikukhulupirira kuti kampaniyo yakonza njira yopangira nsanja zazitali zazitali zamphepo pamtengo wotsika. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino yopangira nsanja iliyonse powotcherera zitsulo zokhotakhota pamodzi, Keystone akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosalekeza kuti apange, ngati mipukutu ya mapepala akuchimbudzi. Chifukwa mawonekedwe ozungulira amawonjezera mphamvu ya chitoliro, njirayi iyenera kuloleza kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zochepa.
Kwa makampani omwe amapanga makina, "kusintha kwa mphamvu kungakhale kosavuta kukwaniritsa", osati makampani omwe amapanga ndalama pogulitsa golide wakuda.
Mgwirizano wa capital capital wa NOV udayika madola mamiliyoni ambiri ku Keystone, koma adakana kupereka ziwerengero zenizeni. Izi si ndalama zazikulu za November, koma kampaniyo ikuwona ndalamazi ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito ubwino wake kulowa mumsika womwe ukukula mofulumira. Mgwirizanowu udalola kutsegulidwanso kwafakitale yomanga zopangira mafuta mu Novembala, yomwe idatsekedwa chaka chatha chifukwa chakutsika kwa msika wamafuta. Ili m'tawuni ya Panhandle ku Pampa, osati pakati pa minda yamafuta yaku America, komanso pakati pa "lamba wamphepo". Chomera cha Pampa sichikuwonetsa zizindikiro za kusintha kwamphamvu kwaukadaulo. Ili ndi bwalo losiyidwa lamatope ndi konkire lomwe lili ndi nyumba zisanu ndi imodzi zazitali komanso zopapatiza zokhala ndi madenga a malata. Keystone akukhazikitsa makina ake oyamba amtundu wake kumeneko kuti ayambe kupanga nsanja zozungulira mphepo kumapeto kwa chaka chino. Fakitaleyi inali ndi antchito pafupifupi 85 isanatseke chaka chatha. Panopa pali antchito pafupifupi 15. Akuti pofika Seputembala padzakhala anthu 70. Ngati malonda ayenda bwino, pakhoza kukhala antchito 200 pakati pa chaka chamawa.
Kuyang'anira njira ya Novembala Keystone anali wakale wa banki ya Goldman Sachs Narayanan Radhakrishnan. Radhakrishnan ataganiza zochoka ku ofesi ya Goldman Sachs ku Houston mu 2019, anali kugwira ntchito ku kampani yopanga mafuta, osati yopanga mafuta, chifukwa adasanthula zovuta zamakampani. Poyimba foni ya Zoom kunyumba mu February, adati "kusintha kwamagetsi kungakhale kosavuta kukwaniritsa" kwamakampani omwe amapanga makina amagetsi, m'malo mwamakampani omwe amapanga ndalama pogulitsa golide wakuda. "Mpikisano waukulu wa NOV sugona pa chinthu chomaliza; ndi kupanga zinthu zazikulu, zovuta zomwe zimagwira ntchito m’malo ovuta.” Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi opanga mafuta, NOV ndiyosavuta kuyimitsa kuyang'ana, omwe "katundu wawo ali mobisa".
Radhakrishnan akuyembekeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe NOV adakumana nazo popanga zida zambiri zamafuta am'manja pamakina a Keystone's spiral wind tower amatha kutsegulira madera akulu a United States ndi dziko lapansi ndikukhala msika wopindulitsa wamagetsi amphepo. Nthawi zambiri, nsanja zopangira makina opangira mphepo zimakhala kutali ndi fakitale komwe zimamangidwa mpaka pomwe zimayikidwa. Nthawi zina, izi zimafuna njira yozungulira kuti mupewe zopinga, monga misewu yayikulu. Pansi pa zopinga izi, nsanja yomangidwa ku bedi lagalimoto siyoyenera. Kumanga nsanjayo pamzere wolumikizira womwe wamangidwa kwakanthawi pafupi ndi malo oyikapo, kubetcha kwa NOV kuti nsanjayo iyenera kuloledwa kuwirikiza mu utali - mpaka 600 mapazi, kapena 55 nkhani. Chifukwa liwiro la mphepo limakwera ndi kukwera, komanso masamba ataliatali amphepo amatulutsa madzi ambiri, nsanja zazitali zimatha kuponya ndalama zambiri. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kumanga nsanja zopangira makina opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo kungasamutsire kunyanja—kwenikweni, kunyanja.
Nyanja ndi malo odziwika bwino a NOV. Mu 2002, ndi chidwi chokula mu lingaliro latsopano la mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho ku Ulaya, kampani yomanga zombo za ku Dutch GustoMSC, yomwe NOV inapeza pambuyo pake, inasaina mgwirizano wopereka sitima yoyamba yapadziko lonse yopangidwira mphamvu ya mphepo ndi jack-up system. -Kuyika kwa Turbine, Mayflower resolution. Botilo limatha kukhazikitsa ma turbines akuya kwamamita 115 kapena kuchepera. Kuyambira pamenepo, Gusto adapanga pafupifupi zombo 35 zoyika makina opangira magetsi, 5 mwazo zidapangidwa zaka ziwiri zapitazi. Sitima zapamadzi zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zomwe zinamangidwa ku Brownsville, zimapangidwira madzi akuya - nthawi zambiri mamita 165 kapena kuposerapo.
NOV yatengera matekinoloje awiri obowola mafuta, makamaka pakuyika kwa turbine yamphepo. Imodzi ndi njira ya jack-up, yokhala ndi miyendo yopita pansi panyanja, kukweza chombocho mpaka mamita 150 pamwamba pa madzi. Cholinga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti crane yake imatha kufika pamtunda wokwanira kukhazikitsa nsanja ndi masamba a turbine yamphepo. Makina opangira mafuta nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi miyendo itatu yopindika, koma zombo za injini zamphepo zimafunikira zinayi kuti zipirire kukakamiza kwa zida zolemera zosuntha pamalo okwera chotere. Miyendo yamafuta imayikidwa pachitsime chamafuta kwa miyezi ingapo, pomwe zombo za injini yamphepo zimayenda kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina, nthawi zambiri kukwera ndi kutsika tsiku lililonse.
Kusintha kwina kwa Novembala kuchokera kumafuta kupita kumphepo ndi mtundu wosinthika, wamamita 500 wamtali wa crane yake yachikhalidwe. NOV adayipanga kuti izitha kukankhira zida za turbine yamphepo kupita kumwamba. Mu Januware 2020, mtundu wa crane yatsopano idayikidwa muofesi ya Keppel ku Chidan, Netherlands. M’mwezi wa November, akuluakulu pafupifupi 40 ochokera padziko lonse lapansi ananyamuka ulendo wa pandege kukachita nawo msonkhano wamasiku awiri wokhudza njira zamphamvu zongowonjezwdwa za kampaniyo. . “Magawo ofunikira” khumi atuluka: atatu ndi mphamvu yamphepo, kuphatikiza mphamvu ya dzuwa, geothermal, haidrojeni, kugwidwa ndi kusungirako mpweya, kusungirako mphamvu, migodi ya m’nyanja yakuya, ndi mpweya wa biogas.
Ndinafunsa Frode Jensen, wamkulu wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa NOV malonda ndi kubowola rigs, mkulu amene anapezeka pa msonkhano Schiedam za chinthu chomaliza, teknoloji yomwe imaphatikizapo kupanga gasi yomwe ingathe kuwotchedwa kuti ipange magetsi. Makamaka komwe kumachokera gasi? Jensen anaseka. "Ndiyike bwanji?" Adafunsa mokweza mawu achinorwe. "Ng'ombe zanga." NOV imachita kafukufuku wa biogas ndi matekinoloje ena pafamu yomwe yasinthidwa kukhala malo opangira kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ku Navasota, tawuni yaing'ono pakati pa Houston ndi mzinda wa yunivesite, wotchedwa "The blues capital of Texas". Kodi anzawo a Jensen opanga gasi akuganiza kuti NOV ikhoza kupanga ndalama? “Izi,” sananenepo kanthu, mokayikira za ntchito yake yamafuta yazaka 25, “izi ndi zimene amaganiza.”
Chiyambireni msonkhano ku Schiedam pafupifupi chaka ndi theka chapitacho, Jensen wasintha nthawi yake yambiri ku mphepo. Akulangiza NOV kuti atsogolere malire amphamvu amphepo akunyanja: ma turbines akulu ali kutali ndi gombe motero amayandama m'madzi akuya. Samangiriridwa pansi panyanja, koma amangiriridwa pansi panyanja, nthawi zambiri ndi zingwe. Pali zifukwa ziwiri zowonongera ndalama ndi zovuta zaumisiri pomanga nyumba yayitali kumtunda: kupewa kutsutsidwa ndi anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe safuna kuti masomphenya awo awonongeke ndi makina opangira mphepo omwe sali kumbuyo kwanga, ndikupezerapo mwayi pa nyanja yotseguka ndi liwiro lamphamvu la mphepo. .
Chombochi chidzatchedwa Charybdis, chotchedwa chilombo cha m'nyanja mu nthano zachi Greek. Poganizira zazovuta zachuma zomwe bizinesi yamagetsi ikukumana nayo, ili ndi dzina lotchulidwira loyenera.
Makampani ena akuluakulu amafuta padziko lonse lapansi akuwononga ndalama zambiri kugula njira yoti atsogolere pa chiwopsezo cha makina oyandama oyandama choterechi. Mwachitsanzo, mu February, BP ndi German opanga mphamvu EnBW pamodzi anathamangitsa ena oitanira kunja kwa madzi kulanda ufulu kukhazikitsa "gawo" loyandama mphepo turbines mu Nyanja Irish pafupi ndi UK. BP ndi EnBW adapempha ndalama zambiri kuposa Shell ndi zimphona zina zamafuta, akuvomera kulipira $ 1.37 biliyoni iliyonse paufulu wachitukuko. Popeza kuti opanga mafuta ambiri padziko lapansi ndi makasitomala ake, NOV ikuyembekeza kugulitsa makina ambiri omwe adzagwiritse ntchito popanga mphamvu yamphepo yamkuntho.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphepo kunasinthanso bwalo la Keppel ku Brownsville. Ogwira ntchito ake 1,500 - pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe adalemba ganyu pakukula kwamafuta mu 2008 - kuphatikiza zombo zoyika makina opangira magetsi, akumanganso zombo ziwiri zonyamula mafuta ndi chowotcha. Pafupifupi antchito a 150 apatsidwa ntchito yopangira makina opangira mphepo, koma ntchito yomanga ikadzayamba chaka chamawa, chiwerengerochi chikhoza kuwonjezeka kufika pa 800. Anthu ogwira ntchito m'sitimayo akhoza kuwonjezeka kufika pafupifupi 1,800, malingana ndi kulimba kwa bizinesi yake yonse.
Njira zoyambira zopangira chotengera choyikiramo makina amphepo ku Dominion ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe Keppel adagwiritsa ntchito popanga zida zamafuta. Zitsulo zolemerazo amaziika m’makina otchedwa Wilberett, amene amaziwononga. Zidutswazi zimadulidwa, kupindidwa ndi kuumbidwa, ndiyeno nkumangiriridwa m’zidutswa zazikulu za bwato, zotchedwa “tizidutswa tating’ono.” Izo zimawotchedwa kukhala midadada; midadada izi kenako welded mu chidebe. Pambuyo posalala ndi kupenta - ntchito yomwe ikuchitika m'nyumba zotchedwa "zipinda zophulika", zina zomwe zili ndi zipinda zitatu - sitimayo ili ndi makina ake ndi malo ake okhala.
Koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kumanga makina opangira mafuta ndi kumanga mabwato. Pamene amamanga zombo za Dominion - ntchito yomanga inayamba mu Okutobala chaka chatha ndipo idayenera kumalizidwa mu 2023 - ogwira ntchito ku Keppel ku Brownsville amayesa kuwadziwa bwino. Mwina vuto losathalitsidwa kwambiri limene lilipo n’lakuti, mosiyana ndi zitsulo zopangira mafuta, mabwato amafunikira malo otseguka pa sitima yawo kuti asunge nsanja ndi masamba amene adzaikidwe. Zimenezi zinachititsa akatswiri kuti apeze mawaya, mapaipi, ndi makina osiyanasiyana a m'sitimamo kuti chilichonse chodutsa m'sitimayo (monga polowera mpweya) chitsitsidwe mpaka kunja kwa sitimayo. Kuzindikira momwe mungachitire izi ndikufanana ndi kuthetsa vuto lovuta. Ku Brownsville, ntchitoyi idagwera pamapewa a woyang'anira engineering wazaka 38 Bernardino Salinas pabwalo.
Salinas anabadwira ku Rio Bravo, Mexico, kumalire a Texas. Wakhala ku Brownsville, Keppel kuyambira pomwe adalandira digiri ya masters mu engineering engineering kuchokera ku Texas A&M University ku Kingsville mu 2005. Ntchito ya fakitale. Madzulo aliwonse, Salinas akamaphunzira mosamalitsa pulani yake yamagetsi ndi kusankha komwe angayike chithunzi chotsatira, adzagwiritsa ntchito vidiyo polankhula ndi mnzake pa Keppel Shipyard ya Singapore, yomwe yamanga kale boti loikamo makina opangira magetsi. Tsiku lina masana a February ku Brownsville—m’maŵa wotsatira ku Singapore—aŵiriwo anakambitsirana za mmene angayendetsere mipope ya madzi a bilge ndi ballast water kuti madzi ayende kuzungulira sitimayo. Kumbali ina, iwo anakambirana za kamangidwe ka mapaipi oziziritsira injini.
Sitima yapamadzi ya Brownsville idzatchedwa Charybdis. Chilombo cha m’nyanja m’nthano zachigiriki chimakhala pansi pa miyala, chikumagwedeza madzi kumbali ina ya khwalala lopapatiza, ndipo mbali inayo, cholengedwa china chotchedwa Skula chidzalanda amalinyero aliwonse amene amadutsa pafupi kwambiri. Scylla ndi Charybdis anakakamiza zombo kuti zisankhe njira zawo mosamala. Chifukwa chazovuta zachuma zomwe Keppel ndi bizinesi yamagetsi imagwira ntchito, izi zikuwoneka ngati dzina lodziwika bwino.
Malo opangira mafuta akadali pabwalo la Brownsville. Brian Garza, wogwira ntchito ku Keppel wazaka 26, adandiuza izi paulendo wamaola awiri kudzera ku Zoom masana imvi mu February. Chizindikiro china cha zovuta zamakampani amafuta ndikuti Valaris wokhala ku London, yemwe ndi mwini wake wamkulu wamafuta padziko lonse lapansi, adasokonekera chaka chatha ndikugulitsa chidacho ku bungwe logwirizana ndi SpaceX pamtengo wotsika wa $ 3.5 miliyoni US. Yakhazikitsidwa ndi bilionea Elon Musk, adapanga mitu yankhani pomwe adalengeza kumapeto kwa chaka chatha kuti achoka ku California kupita ku Texas. Zolengedwa zina za Musk zikuphatikiza Tesla wopanga magalimoto amagetsi, zomwe zathandizira kukulitsa msika wamafuta aku Texas podya kufunikira kwamafuta. Garza adandiuza kuti SpaceX idasintha dzinalo kukhala Deimos ngati imodzi mwama satellite awiri a Mars. Musk adanenanso kuti SpaceX pamapeto pake idzagwiritsa ntchito maroketi omwe atulutsidwa kuchokera kumadera akunyanja kunyamula anthu kuchokera ku Earth kupita ku Red Planet.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-16-2021