Yopangidwa ndi Todd Brady ndi Stephen H. Miller, chimfine cha CDTC (CFSF) (chomwe chimatchedwanso "light gauge") chimango chinali m'malo mwa nkhuni, koma patatha zaka zambiri za ntchito yaukali, pamapeto pake idachita mbali yake. Mofanana ndi nkhuni zomalizidwa ndi kalipentala, nsanamira zachitsulo ndi njanji zingathe kudulidwa ndi kuphatikizidwa kuti apange mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri. Komabe, mpaka posachedwapa sipanakhale kukhazikika kwenikweni kwa zigawo kapena mankhwala. Bowo lililonse lovuta kapena chinthu china chapadera chiyenera kufotokozedwa payekha ndi Engineer of Record (EOR). Opanga makontrakitala samangotsatira mfundo zenizeni za polojekitiyi, ndipo amatha "kuchita zinthu mosiyana" kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale izi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu mu khalidwe la msonkhano wa m'munda.
Pamapeto pake, kuzolowerana kumabweretsa kusakhutira, ndipo kusakhutira kumalimbikitsa zatsopano. Mamembala atsopano opangira mafelemu (kupitirira muyezo wa C-Studs ndi U-Tracks) sapezeka kokha pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira, komanso akhoza kupangidwa kale / kuvomerezedwa ndi zofunikira zenizeni kuti apititse patsogolo siteji ya CFSF ponena za mapangidwe ndi zomangamanga. .
Zigawo zokhazikika, zopangidwa ndi zolinga zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimafunikira zimatha kugwira ntchito zambiri mosasinthasintha, kupereka magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso odalirika. Amachepetsa tsatanetsatane ndikupereka yankho lomwe limakhala losavuta kwa makontrakitala kuti ayike bwino. Amafulumizitsanso ntchito yomanga ndi kupangitsa kuyendera mosavuta, kupulumutsa nthawi ndi zovuta. Zigawo zokhazikikazi zimathandizanso kuti chitetezo cha malo ogwirira ntchito chikhale bwino pochepetsa kudula, kukonza, kusokonekera ndi kuwotcherera.
Standard mchitidwe popanda mfundo CFSF wakhala chotero kuvomerezedwa mbali ya malo kuti n'zovuta kulingalira malonda kapena mkulu-nyamuka zogona yomanga popanda izo. Kuvomereza kofala kumeneku kunapezedwa m’kanthaŵi kochepa chabe ndipo sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito mofala kufikira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II.
Muyezo woyamba wa CFSF udasindikizidwa mu 1946 ndi American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). Mtundu waposachedwa, AISI S 200-07 (North American Standard for Cold Formed Steel Framing - General), tsopano ndi muyezo ku Canada, USA ndi Mexico.
Basic standardization inapanga kusiyana kwakukulu ndipo CFSF inakhala njira yotchuka yomanga, kaya inali yonyamula katundu kapena yosanyamula. Ubwino wake ndi:
Momwe mulingo wa AISI ulili wanzeru, sulemba chilichonse. Okonza ndi makontrakitala akadali ndi zambiri zoti asankhe.
Dongosolo la CFSF lakhazikitsidwa pazitsulo ndi njanji. Nsapato zachitsulo, monga matabwa, zimakhala zoyima. Nthawi zambiri amapanga mtanda wooneka ngati C, wokhala ndi "pamwamba" ndi "pansi" wa C kupanga gawo lopapatiza la stud (flange yake). Maupangiri ndi zinthu zopingasa za chimango (zolowera ndi m'mphepete), zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a U kuti agwirizane ndi ma racks. Kukula kwa rack kumakhala kofanana ndi matabwa a "2 ×": 41 x 89 mm (1 5/8 x 3 ½ mainchesi) ndi "2 x 4" ndi 41 x 140 mm (1 5/8 x 5). ½ inchi) ikufanana ndi “2×6″. M'zitsanzo izi, kukula kwa 41 mm kumatchedwa "shelufu" ndipo kukula kwa 89 mm kapena 140 mm kumatchedwa "web", malingaliro obwereka omwe amadziwika kuchokera kuzitsulo zotentha zotentha ndi mamembala amtundu wa I-beam. Kukula kwa njanji kumafanana ndi m'lifupi lonse la stud.
Mpaka posachedwa, zinthu zamphamvu zomwe polojekitiyi idafunikira idayenera kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi EOR ndikusonkhanitsidwa pamalowa pogwiritsa ntchito ma combo studs ndi njanji, komanso zinthu zooneka ngati C ndi U. Kukonzekera kwenikweni kumaperekedwa kwa kontrakitala ndipo ngakhale mkati mwa polojekiti yomweyi imatha kusiyana kwambiri. Komabe, zaka zambiri za CFSF zapangitsa kuzindikira zofooka za mitundu iyi ndi mavuto omwe amakumana nawo.
Mwachitsanzo, madzi amatha kuwunjikana m'munsi mwa njanji ya khoma pamene chitseko chikutsegulidwa pomanga. Kukhalapo kwa utuchi, mapepala, kapena zinthu zina zakuthupi kungayambitse nkhungu kapena mavuto ena okhudzana ndi chinyezi, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa khoma kapena kukopa tizilombo kuseri kwa mipanda. Vuto lofananalo limatha kuchitika ngati madzi alowa m'makoma omalizidwa ndikutolera kuchokera ku condensation, kutayikira, kapena kutayikira.
Njira imodzi ndiyo njira yapadera yokhala ndi mabowo obowoleredwa kuti ngalande. Mapangidwe apamwamba a stud akupangidwanso. Amakhala ndi zinthu zatsopano monga nthiti zoyikidwa bwino zomwe zimapindika m'mbali kuti ziwonjezeke. Mapangidwe a pamwamba a stud amalepheretsa screw "kusuntha", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano woyeretsa komanso kumaliza kofanana. Zosintha zazing'onozi, zochulukitsidwa ndi ma spikes masauzande ambiri, zitha kukhudza kwambiri polojekiti.
Kupyola pazipilala ndi njanji Zokometsera zachikhalidwe ndi njanji nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira makoma osavuta opanda mabowo. Katundu angaphatikizepo kulemera kwa khoma lokha, zomaliza ndi zida zomwe zili pamenepo, kulemera kwa mphepo, komanso makoma ena amaphatikizanso zolemetsa zokhazikika komanso zosakhalitsa kuchokera padenga kapena pansi pamwamba. Katundu izi zimafalitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba njanji kwa mizati, kwa pansi njanji, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko kwa maziko kapena mbali zina za superstructure (mwachitsanzo sitimayo konkire kapena structural zitsulo mizati ndi matabwa).
Ngati pali chobowola (RO) pakhoma (monga chitseko, zenera, kapena njira yayikulu ya HVAC), katundu wochokera pamwamba pa khomo ayenera kusamutsidwa mozungulira. Lintel iyenera kukhala yolimba mokwanira kuti ithandizire katundu kuchokera ku chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimatchedwa ma studs (ndi zowuma zomata) pamwamba pa lintel ndikuzisamutsira ku jamb studs (mamembala a RO vertical).
Momwemonso, zitseko zokhomerera zitseko ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zizinyamula katundu wambiri kuposa nsanamira zanthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, m’mipata yamkati, khomo liyenera kukhala lolimba mokwanira kuti lizitha kulemera kwa khoma lowuma pamwamba pa khomo (ie, 29 kg/m2 [6 lbs per square foot] [mgawo umodzi wa 16 mm (5/8 inchi) ola la khoma.) mbali imodzi ya pulasitala] kapena 54 kg/m2 [makilogalamu 11 pa sikweya mita] pakhoma la maola awiri [malaya aŵiri a pulasitala wa mamilimita 16 mbali iliyonse]), kuphatikizapo zivomezi ndiponso kulemera kwa khomo ndi ntchito yake inertial. Kumalo akunja, mipata iyenera kupirira mphepo, zivomezi ndi katundu wofanana.
M'mapangidwe achikhalidwe a CFSF, mitu ndi ma sill amapangidwa pamalowo pophatikiza masilati ndi njanji kukhala gawo lamphamvu. Mtundu wa reverse osmosis manifold, womwe umadziwika kuti makaseti manifold, umapangidwa ndi kupukuta ndi/kapena kuwotcherera zidutswa zisanu pamodzi. Nsanamira ziwiri zili m'mbali mwake ndi njanji ziwiri, ndipo njanji yachitatu imamangiriridwa pamwamba pomwe dzenje likuyang'ana mmwamba kuti aike mtengo pamwamba pa dzenjelo (Chithunzi 1). Mtundu wina wa bokosi lolumikizana uli ndi magawo anayi okha: ma studs awiri ndi maupangiri awiri. Zina zimakhala ndi magawo atatu - njanji ziwiri ndi hairpin. Njira zenizeni zopangira zigawozi sizokhazikika, koma zimasiyana pakati pa makontrakitala komanso ogwira ntchito.
Ngakhale kupanga combinatorial kungayambitse mavuto angapo, kwadziwonetsa bwino m'makampani. Mtengo wa gawo la uinjiniya unali wokwera chifukwa panalibe miyezo, kotero kutseguka movutikira kunayenera kupangidwa ndikumalizidwa payekhapayekha. Kudula ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa malowa kumawonjezeranso ndalama, kuwononga zinthu, kumawonjezera zinyalala zapamalo, komanso kumawonjezera ngozi zachitetezo. Kuphatikiza apo, zimapanga nkhani zabwino komanso zosasinthika zomwe akatswiri opanga zinthu ayenera kuganizira kwambiri. Izi zimakonda kuchepetsa kusasinthasintha, khalidwe, ndi kudalirika kwa chimango, ndipo zingakhudzenso ubwino wa drywall. (Onani "Kulumikizana Koyipa" kwa zitsanzo zamavutowa.)
Njira zolumikizira Kulumikiza ma modular ma rack kungayambitsenso zovuta zokongoletsa. Kuphatikizika kwachitsulo kupita kuchitsulo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ma tabu pama modular manifold kungakhudze khoma. Palibe zomangira zamkati kapena zotchingira zakunja zomwe zimayenera kukhala chathyathyathya papepala lachitsulo lomwe mitu ya wonongayo imatuluka. Makoma okwera amatha kuyambitsa mawonekedwe osafanana ndipo amafunikira ntchito yowonjezerapo kuti abise.
Njira imodzi yothetsera vuto lolumikizana ndikugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zokonzeka, kuzimanga pamitengo ya jamb ndikugwirizanitsa zolumikizira. Njirayi imayimira kugwirizana ndikuchotsa kusagwirizana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupanga pa malo. Chotchingacho chimachotsa kuphatikizika kwachitsulo ndi mitu yotuluka pakhoma, ndikuwongolera kutsirizika kwa khoma. Ikhozanso kuchepetsa unsembe ntchito ndalama pakati. M'mbuyomu, wogwira ntchito m'modzi amayenera kugwira mutu wamutu pomwe wina amawupotoza. Mu kanema kakompyuta, wogwira ntchito amayika tatifupi ndikujambula zolumikizira pazithunzi. Chotsekereza ichi nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ngati gawo la makina opangiratu.
Chifukwa chopangira manifolds kuchokera ku zidutswa zingapo zazitsulo zopindika ndikupereka chinthu champhamvu kuposa njira imodzi yothandizira khoma pamwamba pa kutsegula. Popeza kupindika kumalimbitsa chitsulo kuti zisagwedezeke, kupanga bwino ma microbeam mu ndege yayikulu ya chinthucho, zotsatira zomwezo zitha kukwaniritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chimodzi chokhala ndi mapindika ambiri.
Mfundo imeneyi ndi yosavuta kumvetsa pogwira pepala m'manja otambasula pang'ono. Choyamba, pepalalo limapinda pakati ndikuzembera. Komabe, ngati apinda kamodzi m’litali mwake kenako n’kumasulidwa (kotero kuti pepalalo lipange tchanelo chooneka ngati V), silingathe kupindika ndi kugwa. Mukapanga zopindika zambiri, zimalimba (mkati mwa malire ena).
Njira yopindika ingapo imagwiritsa ntchito izi powonjezera ma grooves, ma tchanelo, ndi malupu pamawonekedwe onse. "Kuwerengera Mphamvu Mwachindunji" - njira yatsopano yowunikira yogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta - inalowa m'malo mwa chikhalidwe cha "Effective Width Calculation" ndipo inalola kuti mawonekedwe osavuta asinthe kukhala oyenerera, makonzedwe abwino kwambiri kuti apeze zotsatira zabwino kuchokera kuzitsulo. Izi zitha kuwoneka m'machitidwe ambiri a CFSF. Maonekedwewa, makamaka akamagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cholimba (390 MPa (57 psi) m'malo mwa muyezo wamakampani am'mbuyomu a 250 MPa (36 psi)), amatha kukonza magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho popanda kuphwanya kukula, kulemera, kapena makulidwe. kukhala. pakhala zosintha.
Pankhani ya zitsulo zozizira, palinso chinthu china. Kuzizira kwachitsulo, monga kupindika, kumasintha zinthu zachitsulo chokha. Mphamvu zokolola ndi mphamvu zamakokedwe a kukonzedwa gawo la zitsulo kuwonjezeka, koma ductility amachepetsa. Zigawo zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri zimapeza kwambiri. Kupita patsogolo pakupanga mipukutu kwapangitsa kuti pakhale mipiringidzo yolimba, kutanthauza kuti chitsulo chomwe chili pafupi kwambiri ndi m'mphepete mwake chimafunikira ntchito yochulukirapo kuposa njira yakale yopangira mipukutu. Kumapindika kwakukulu komanso kolimba, chitsulo chochulukirapo m'chinthucho chidzalimbikitsidwa ndi kuzizira, kuonjezera mphamvu zonse za chinthucho.
Njira zokhazikika zokhala ngati U zili ndi mipindi iwiri, C-studs imakhala ndi mipindi inayi. Zosintha zomwe zidasinthidwa kale za W zili ndi ma bend 14 okonzedwa kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwachitsulo kukana kupsinjika. Chidutswa chimodzi mumasinthidwe awa chikhoza kukhala chitseko chonse cha chitseko chotsegula chitseko cha chitseko.
Pamalo otambalala kwambiri (ie kupitirira 2 m [7 ft]) kapena akatundu okwera, polygon imatha kulimbikitsidwa ndi zoyika zokhala ngati W. Imawonjezera zitsulo zambiri ndi mapindikidwe a 14, kubweretsa chiwerengero chonse cha mapindikidwe mu mawonekedwe onse ku 28. Choyikacho chimayikidwa mkati mwa polygon ndi Ws inverted kotero kuti ma W awiri pamodzi apange X-mawonekedwe ovuta. Miyendo ya W imakhala ngati zopingasa. Anayika zolembera zomwe zidasoweka pa RO, zomwe zidasungidwa ndi zomangira. Izi zikugwira ntchito ngati chowonjezera chowonjezera chayikidwa kapena ayi.
Ubwino waukulu wa makina opangira mutu / clip ndi liwiro, kusasinthika komanso kumaliza bwino. Posankha dongosolo lovomerezeka lokhazikika, monga lovomerezedwa ndi International Code of Practice Committee Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), okonza amatha kufotokoza zigawo zake potengera katundu ndi mtundu wa chitetezo cha khoma, ndikupewa kupanga ndi tsatanetsatane wa ntchito iliyonse. , kusunga nthawi ndi chuma. (ICC-ES, International Codes Committee Evaluation Service, yovomerezeka ndi Standards Council of Canada [SCC]). Kukonzekera kotereku kumatsimikiziranso kuti zitseko zakhungu zimamangidwa monga momwe zidapangidwira, zomveka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino, popanda zopatuka chifukwa cha kudula ndi kukonza pamalopo.
Kusasinthika kwa makhazikitsidwe kumawongoleredwa chifukwa zomangira zimakhala ndi mabowo obowola kale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuziwerengera ndikuyika zolumikizana ndi jamb studs. Imachotsa kuphatikizika kwazitsulo pamakoma, imathandizira kukhazikika kwapamwamba komanso kupewa kusagwirizana.
Kuwonjezera apo, machitidwe oterowo ali ndi ubwino wa chilengedwe. Poyerekeza ndi zida zophatikizika, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo kwamitundu yambiri kumatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka 40%. Popeza izi sizifunikira kuwotcherera, mpweya woipa womwe umatsagana nawo umatha.
Wide Flange Studs Zipilala zachikhalidwe zimapangidwa polumikiza (zowotcherera ndi/kapena kuwotcherera) zipilala ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Ngakhale kuti ndi amphamvu, amatha kuyambitsa mavuto awo. Iwo ndi osavuta kusonkhanitsa pamaso unsembe, makamaka pankhani soldering. Komabe, izi zimalepheretsa mwayi wopita ku gawo la stud lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi chitseko cha Hollow Metal Frame (HMF).
Njira imodzi ndiyo kudula bowo pamizere yowongoka kuti igwirizane ndi chimango kuchokera mkati mwa msonkhano wowongoka. Komabe, izi zingapangitse kuyendera kukhala kovuta komanso kufuna ntchito yowonjezera. Oyang'anira amadziwika kuti amaumirira kulumikiza HMF ku theka la chitseko cha pakhomo ndikuchiyang'ana, kenako ndikuwotcherera theka lachiwiri la msonkhano wapawiri. Izi zimayimitsa ntchito zonse pakhomo, zitha kuchedwetsa ntchito zina, ndipo zimafunikira chitetezo chowonjezereka chifukwa cha kuwotcherera pamalopo.
Zopangira zopangira mapewa otalikirapo (zopangidwa makamaka ngati ma jamb studs) zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa zotungira, kupulumutsa nthawi ndi zinthu. Nkhani zofikira zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi khomo la HMF zimathetsedwanso popeza mbali yotseguka ya C imalola mwayi wopezeka mosadodometsedwa ndikuwunika mosavuta. Mawonekedwe a C otseguka amaperekanso kutchinjiriza kwathunthu komwe zolumikizira zophatikizika ndi nsanamira za jamb nthawi zambiri zimapanga kusiyana kwa 102 mpaka 152 mm (mainchesi 4 mpaka 6) potsekereza pakhomo.
Zolumikizira pamwamba pa khoma Gawo lina la mapangidwe omwe apindula ndi zatsopano ndi kulumikizana pamwamba pa khoma kupita kumtunda wapamwamba. Mtunda wochokera pansi kupita ku wina ukhoza kusiyanasiyana pang'ono pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwapang'onopang'ono pamayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Kwa makoma osanyamula katundu, payenera kukhala kusiyana pakati pa pamwamba pazitsulo ndi gululo, izi zimathandiza kuti sitimayo ikhale pansi popanda kuphwanya zitsulo. Pulatifomu iyeneranso kusunthira mmwamba popanda kuthyola zipilala. Chilolezocho ndi osachepera 12.5 mm (½ mkati), chomwe ndi theka la kulolerana konse kwa ± 12.5 mm.
Njira ziwiri zoyankhulirana zachikhalidwe zimalamulira. Imodzi ndikumangirira njanji yayitali (50 kapena 60 mm (2 kapena 2.5 mkati)) pamalopo, nsonga zake zimangoyikidwa munjirayo, osatetezedwa. Pofuna kuteteza kuti zipilalazo zisagwedezeke ndi kutaya mtengo wake, kachidutswa kakang'ono kameneka kamakulungidwa kozizira kamalowa m'bowo patali pamtunda wa 150 mm (6 mainchesi) kuchokera pamwamba pa khoma. kuwononga ndondomeko Njirayi si yotchuka ndi makontrakitala. Pofuna kuchepetsa njanji, makontrakitala ena angasiye tchanelo chozizira kwambiri poika zipilala panjanji popanda kuzigwira kapena kuzipalasa. Izi zikuphwanya Makhalidwe Okhazikika a ASTM C 754 Kuyika Mamembala Opangira Zitsulo Kuti Apange Zinthu Zowumitsidwa Zowumitsidwa, zomwe zimati ma studs ayenera kumangirizidwa ndi njanji ndi zomangira. Ngati kupatuka kumeneku kuchokera pamapangidwe sikudziwika, kudzakhudza ubwino wa khoma lomalizidwa.
Njira ina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi njira ziwiri. Njira yokhazikika imayikidwa pamwamba pazipilalazo ndipo nsonga iliyonse imatsekeredwa. Njira yachiwiri, yopangidwa mwamakonda, yotakata imayikidwa pamwamba pa yoyamba ndikulumikizidwa kumtunda wapamwamba. Nyimbo zokhazikika zimatha kuyenda m'mwamba ndi pansi mkati mwazokonda.
Mayankho angapo apangidwa pa ntchitoyi, yonse yomwe ili ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimapereka kulumikizana kolowera. Zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizanso mtundu wa njanji yolowera kapena mtundu wanyimbo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumangiriza nyimboyo pa sitimayo. Mwachitsanzo, tetezani njanji yokhotakhota pansi pa sitimayo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomangira yoyenera pazitsulo zinazake. Zomangira zomata zimamangiriridwa pamwamba pazipilala (malinga ndi ASTM C 754) zomwe zimalola kuti kulumikizana kuyendere mmwamba ndi pansi mkati mwa pafupifupi 25 mm (1 inchi).
Mu firewall, zolumikizira zoyandama zotere ziyenera kutetezedwa kumoto. Pansi pazitsulo zachitsulo zodzaza ndi konkriti, zinthu zowotcha moto ziyenera kudzaza malo osagwirizana pansi pa groove ndikusunga ntchito yake yozimitsa moto monga mtunda pakati pa pamwamba pa khoma ndi kusintha kwa sitimayo. Zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizanazi zayesedwa motsatira ASTM E 2837-11 yatsopano (Njira Yoyezera Yodziwikiratu Kulimbana ndi Moto wa Solid Wall Head Joint Systems Okhazikitsidwa Pakati pa Zida Zoyezera Khoma ndi Zosawerengeka Zosakanikirana). Muyezowu umachokera ku Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 2079, "Kuyezetsa Moto Kumangirira Njira Zolumikizira".
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kodzipatulira pamwamba pa khoma ndikuti chitha kukhala ndi mipingo yokhazikika, yovomerezeka ndi code, yopanda moto. Chomangira chodziwika bwino ndikuyika choyimira padenga ndikupachika mainchesi angapo pamwamba pa makoma mbali zonse. Monga momwe khoma limatha kutsetsereka m'mwamba ndi pansi momasuka m'malo opangira mitembo, limathanso kutsetsereka m'malo olumikizira moto. Zida za chigawochi zingaphatikizepo ubweya wa mchere, zitsulo zopangira simenti, kapena drywall, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zokha kapena kuphatikiza. Machitidwe otere ayenera kuyesedwa, kuvomerezedwa ndikulembedwa m'mabuku monga Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC).
Conclusion Standardization ndiye maziko a zomangamanga zonse zamakono. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, "kachitidwe kokhazikika" kamakhala kochepa kwambiri pankhani ya kupanga zitsulo zozizira, ndipo zatsopano zomwe zimaphwanya miyamboyi ndizopanganso miyezo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe okhazikikawa kumatha kuteteza opanga ndi eni ake, kupulumutsa nthawi ndi ndalama zambiri, ndikuwongolera chitetezo cha malo. Amabweretsa kusasinthika pakumanga ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito monga momwe akufunira kusiyana ndi machitidwe omanga. Ndi kuphatikiza kupepuka, kukhazikika komanso kukwanitsa kukwanitsa, CFSF ikuyenera kukulitsa gawo lake pamsika womanga, mosakayikira zomwe zikuyambitsa luso lina.
Todd Brady is President of Brady Construction Innovations and inventor of the ProX manifold roughing system and the Slp-Trk wall cap solution. He is a metal beam specialist with 30 years of experience in the field and contract work. Brady can be contacted by email: bradyinnovations@gmail.com.
Stephen H. Miller, CDT ndi wolemba wopambana mphoto komanso wojambula zithunzi yemwe amagwira ntchito yomangamanga. Iye ndi director director a Chusid Associates, kampani yopereka upangiri yomwe imapereka ntchito zamalonda ndiukadaulo kwa opanga zinthu. Miller atha kulumikizidwa pa www.chusid.com.
Chongani m'bokosi ili m'munsimu kuti mutsimikizire kuti mukufuna kuphatikizidwa mumaimelo osiyanasiyana ochokera ku Kenilworth Media (kuphatikiza ma e-newsletters, nkhani zamamagazini a digito, kafukufuku wanthawi ndi nthawi ndi zotsatsa* zamakampani opanga zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga).
*Sitigulitsa imelo yanu kwa anthu ena, timangotumiza zomwe akupatsani. Zachidziwikire, nthawi zonse muli ndi ufulu wodzipatula pazolumikizana zilizonse zomwe tikutumizirani ngati mutasintha malingaliro anu mtsogolo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-07-2023